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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

collapsed, muscular tube involved in deglutition and peristalsis

A

esophagus

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2
Q

coiled tube attached to the cecum

A

appendix

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3
Q

contains duodenal (Brunner’s) glands in the submucosa

A

duodenum

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4
Q

produces and secretes bile

A

liver

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5
Q

contains aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyers patches) in the submucosa

A

ileum

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6
Q

responsible for ingestion, mastication, and deglutition

A

mouth

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7
Q

responsible for churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin

A

stomach

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8
Q

storage area for bile

A

gallbladder

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9
Q

contain acini that release juices containing several digestive enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid digestion and sodium bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid

A

pancreas

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10
Q

composed of enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity; used in mastication

A

teeth

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11
Q

passageway for food, fluid, and air; involved in deglutition

A

PHARYNX

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12
Q

forms a semisolid waste material through haustral churning and peristalsis

A

COLON

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13
Q

forces the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing; places food in contact with the teeth

A

TONGUE

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14
Q

produce a fluid in the mouth that helps cleanse the mouth and teeth and that lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food

A

salivary glands

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15
Q

an activating brush-border enzyme that splits off part of the trypsinogen molecule to form trypsin, a protease

A

enterokinase

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16
Q

an enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

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17
Q

the principal triglyceride-digesting enzyme in adults

A

pancreatic lipase

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18
Q

stimulates secretion of gastric juices and promotes gastric emptying

A

gastrin

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19
Q

secreted by chief cells in the stomach; a proteolytic enzyme

A

pepsin

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20
Q

stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonates; decreases gastric secretions

A

secretin

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21
Q

a nonenzymatic fat-emulsifying agent

A

bile

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22
Q

causes contraction of the gallbladder and stimulates the production of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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23
Q

inhibits gastrin release

A

Somatostatin

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24
Q

stimulates secretion of ions and water by the intestines and inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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25
Q

secreted by glands in the tongue; begins breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach

A

Lingual lipase

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26
Q

The end-products of chemical digestion of proteins

A

amino acids

27
Q

The end-products of chemical digestion of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides

28
Q

The end-products of chemical digestion of lipids

A

fatty acids, monogycerides

29
Q

The end-products of chemical digestion of nucleic acids

A

pentos, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

30
Q

List the mechanisms of absorption of materials in the small intestine:

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

31
Q

T OR F: The soft palate, uvula, and epiglottis prevent swallowed foods and liquids from entering the respiratory passages.

32
Q

T OR F: The coordinated contractions and relaxations of the muscularis which propels materials through the GI tract is known as peristalsis.

33
Q

T OR F: Chemical digestion is the splitting food molecules into simple substances by hydrolysis and aided by digestive enzymes

34
Q

T OR F: Motility is the mechanical processes that break apart ingested food into small molecules

35
Q

T OR F: Ingestion is taking foods and liquids into the mouth

36
Q

T OR F: Propulsion is movement of food through GI tract due to smooth muscle contraction

37
Q

T OR F: Absorption is the passage into blood or lymph of ions, fluids and small molecules into the epithelial lining of the GI tract lumen.

38
Q

Which of the following IS FALSE concerning the peritoneum? (1) The kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal. (2) The greater omentum is the largest of the peritoneal folds. (3) The lesser omentum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. (4) The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. (5) The mesentery is associated with the small intestine.

A

The lesser omentum binds the STOMACH and DUODENUM to suspend them from the LIVER

39
Q

When a surgeon makes an incision in the small intestine, in what order would the physician encounter these structures? (1) epithelium, (2) submucosa, (3) serosa, (4) muscularis, (5) lamina propria, (6) muscularis mucosae.

A

3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1: Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Muscularis Mucosae, Lamina Propria, Epithelium

40
Q

Which of the following are functions of the liver? (1) carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, (2) nucleic acid metabolism, (3) excretion of bilirubin, (4) synthesis of bile salts, (5) activation of vitamin D.

A

(1) carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, (3) excretion of bilirubin, (4) synthesis of bile salts, (5) activation of vitamin D.

41
Q

T OR F: The sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can initiate the cephalic phase of gastric activity.

42
Q

T OR F: The gastric phase begins when food enters the small intestine.

43
Q

T OR F: Once activated, stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach trigger the flow of gastric juice and peristalsis.

44
Q

T OR F: The intestinal phase reflexes inhibit gastric activity.

45
Q

T OR F: The enterogastric reflex stimulates gastric emptying.

46
Q

Segmentations in the small intestine help propel chyme through the intestinal tract.

A

false- they help squeeze and mix the chyme

47
Q

The migrating motility complex is a type of peristalsis in the small intestine.

A

True- starts in the stomach and pushes through the small intestine

48
Q

The large surface area for absorption in the small intestine is due to the presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

49
Q

The mucus-producing cells of the small intestine are Paneth cells.

50
Q

Most long-chain fatty acid and monoglyceride absorption in the small intestine requires the presence of bile salts.

51
Q

The release of feces from the large intestine is dependent on (1) stretching of the rectal walls, (2) voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, (3) involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, (4) activity of the intestinal bacteria, (5) sympathetic stimulation of the internal sphincter.

A

1) stretching of the rectal walls, (2) voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter,

52
Q

microvilli of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption; also contain some digestive enzymes

A

brush border

53
Q

finger-like projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for digestion and absorption

54
Q

produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor in the stomach

A

parietal cells

55
Q

secrete lysozyme; help regulate microbial population in the intestines

A

paneth cells

56
Q

stomach enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin

57
Q

longitudinal muscular bands in the large intestine; tonic contractions produce haustra

A

teniae coli

58
Q

lymphatic capillary used for chylomicron absorption in the small intestine

59
Q

groups of lymphatic nodules in the small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

60
Q

controls the GI tract motility and secretions of GI tract organs

A

Enteric Nervous System

61
Q

large mucosal folds in the stomach

62
Q

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase in the stomach

A

chief cells

63
Q

permanent ridges in the mucosa of the small intestine; enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral rather than move in a straight line

A

circular folds

64
Q

phagocytic cells of the liver; destroy worn-out white blood cells and red blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the blood draining the GI tract

A

stellate reticuloendothelial cells

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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