Metabolism Flashcards
The thermostat and food intake regulating center of the body is in the _________ of the brain.
Hypothalamus
The three key molecules of metabolism are [a] , [b] , and [c] .
glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl coenzyme A
Vitamins A, B, D, and K are fat-soluble vitamins
False- Vitamis A, D, E, AND K
NAD+ and FAD (1) are both derivatives of B vitamins, (2) are used to carry hydrogen atoms released during oxidation reactions, (3) become NADH and FADH2 in their reduced forms, (4) act as coenzymes in the Krebs cycle, (5) are the final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.
(1) are both derivatives of B vitamins, (2) are used to carry hydrogen atoms released during oxidation reactions, (3) become NADH and FADH2 in their reduced forms, (4) act as coenzymes in the Krebs cycle,
During glycolysis, (1) a six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon pyruvic acids, (2) there is a net gain of two ATP molecules, (3) two NADH molecules are oxidized, (4) moderately high levels of oxygen are needed, (5) the activity of phosphofructokinase determines the rate of the chemical reactions.
(1) a six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon pyruvic acids, (2) there is a net gain of two ATP molecules, (5) the activity of phosphofructokinase determines the rate of the chemical reactions.
If glucose is not needed for immediate ATP production, it can be used for (1) vitamin synthesis, (2) amino acid synthesis, (3) gluconeogenesis, (4) glycogenesis, (5) lipogenesis.
(2) amino acid synthesis, (4) glycogenesis, (5) lipogenesis.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP?
glycolysis, Formation of Pyruvate, Transition Reaction, formation of 2 acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Which of the following would you not expect to experience during fasting or starvation? decrease in plasma fatty acid levels, increase in ketone body formation, lipolysis, increased use of ketones for ATP production in the brain, depletion of glycogen
decrease in plasma fatty acid levels
If core body temperature rises above normal, which of the following would occur to cool the body? (1) dilation of vessels in the skin, (2) increased radiation and conduction of heat to the environment, (3) increased metabolic rate, (4) evaporation of perspiration, (5) increased secretion of thyroid hormones.
(1) dilation of vessels in the skin, (2) increased radiation and conduction of heat to the environment, (4) evaporation of perspiration,
In which of the following situations would the metabolic rate increase? (1) sleep, (2) after ingesting food, (3) increased secretion of thyroid hormones, (4) parasympathetic nervous system stimulation, (5) fever.
(2) after ingesting food, (3) increased secretion of thyroid hormones, (5) fever.
Which of the following are absorptive state reactions? (1) aerobic cellular respiration, (2) glycogenesis, (3) glycogenolysis, (4) gluconeogenesis using lactic acid, (5) lipolysis.
(1) aerobic cellular respiration, (2) glycogenesis
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate:
cortisol and glucagon
gluconeogenesis
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate: insulin
glycogenesis and lipogenesis
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate:
glucagon and epinephrine
glycogenolysis
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate:
cortisol, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors
lipolysis
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate:
insulin, thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factors.
protein anabolism
Match the hormones with the reactions they regulate: cortisol
protein catabolism
deliver cholesterol to body cells for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts
LOW- DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver for elimination
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
organic nutrients required in small amounts for growth and normal metabolism
Vitamin
the energy-transferring molecule of the body
ATP
nutrient molecules that can be oxidized to produce ATP or stored in adipose tissue
Lipids
transport endogenous lipids to adipocytes for storage
very low-density lipoproteins
the body’s preferred source for synthesizing ATP
glucose
composed of amino acids and are the primary regulatory molecules in the body
proteins
acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone
ketone bodies
hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts to decrease total body-fat mass
LEPTIN
neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake
neuropeptide Y
inorganic substances that perform many vital functions in the body
MINERALS
carriers of electrons in the electron transport chain
cytochromes
the mechanism of ATP generation that links chemical reactions with pumping of hydrogen ions
chemiosmosis
the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule resulting in a decrease in potential energy
oxidation
the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a substance such as pyruvic acid
TRANSAMINATION
the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
refers to all the chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
cellular respiration
the splitting of a triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids
lipolysis
the synthesis of lipids
lipogenesis
the addition of electrons to a molecule resulting in an increase in potential energy content of the molecule
reduction
the formation of ketone bodies
ketogenesis
the breakdown of glycogen back to glucose
glycogenolysis
exergonic chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
catabolism
overall rate at which metabolic reactions use energy
metabolic rate
the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
glycolysis
removal of CO 2 from a molecule
decarboxylation
endergonic chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to make more complex ones
anabolism
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
phosphorylation
the removal of the amino group from an amino acid
deamination
the cleavage of one pair of carbon atoms at a time from a fatty acid
beta oxidation
the conversion of glucose into glycogen
glycogenesis
