Electrolytes Flashcards
In the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system, the [a] acts as a weak base, and [b] acts as a weak acid.
bicarbonate ion, carbonic acid,
The source of water that is derived from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions is _________ water.
metabolic
The phosphate buffer system is an important regulator of pH in the cytosol.
true
The two compartments in which water can be found are plasma and cytosol
false intracellular and extracellular
The primary means of regulating body water gain is adjusting
the volume of water intake
Which of the following stimulate thirst? (1) a decreased production of saliva, (2) a decrease in nerve impulses from hypothalamic osmoreceptors, (3) an increase in osmolarity of body fluids, (4) angiotensin II release, (5) release of atrial natriuretic peptide, (6) an increase in blood volume.
1, 3, and 4
Which of the following is not true concerning the protein buffer system?
Protein buffers are primary buffers of acids in urine.
Buffers prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH of a body fluid.
true
Buffers work slowly.
false
Strong acids lower pH more than weak acids because strong acids contribute fewer H+.
false
Most buffers consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid, which acts as weak base.
true
Hemoglobin is an important buffer.
true
Which of the following hormones regulate fluid loss? (1) antidiuretic hormone, (2) aldosterone, (3) atrial natriuretic peptide, (4) thyroxine, (5) cortisol.
(1) antidiuretic hormone, (2) aldosterone, (3) atrial natriuretic peptide,
Which of the following are true concerning ions in the body? (1) They control osmosis of water between fluid compartments. (2) They help maintain acid–base balance. (3) They carry electrical current. (4) They serve as cofactors for enzyme activity. (5) They serve as neurotransmitters under special circumstances.
(1) They control osmosis of water between fluid compartments. (2) They help maintain acid–base balance. (3) They carry electrical current. (4) They serve as cofactors for enzyme activity.
An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases H + concentration and thus lowers pH.
true
Breath holding results in a decline in blood pH.
true
The only way to eliminate nonvolatile acids is to excrete H + in the urine.
true
When the diet contains a large amount of protein, normal metabolism produces more acids than bases.
true
The respiratory buffer mechanism can eliminate a single volatile acid: carbonic acid.
true
Concerning acid–base imbalances: (1) Acidosis can cause depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission. (2) Renal compensation can resolve respiratory alkalosis or acidosis. (3) A major physiological effect of alkalosis is lack of excitability in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. (4) Resolution of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis occurs through renal compensation. (5) In adjusting blood pH, renal compensation occurs quickly whereas respiratory compensation takes days.
(1) Acidosis can cause depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission. (2) Renal compensation can resolve respiratory alkalosis or acidosis.
the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid; plays a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential
potassium
the most abundant mineral in the body; plays important roles in blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, and excitability of nervous and muscle tissue
calcium
second most prevalent extracellular anion; mainly regulated by the kidneys; important for acid–base balance
bicarbonate
second most common intracellular cation; is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, and Na +/K + ATPase metabolism
magnesium
the most abundant extracellular cation; essential in fluid and electrolyte balance
sodium
ions that are mostly combined with lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and ATP inside cells
phosphate
most prevalent extracellular anion; can help balance the level of anions in different fluid compartments
chloride
substances that act to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid
buffers
inorganic substances that dissociate into ions when in solution
electrolytes
an abnormal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid
edema
can occur during renal failure or destruction of body cells, which releases phosphates into the blood
hyperphosphatemia
the swelling of cells due to water moving from plasma into interstitial fluid and then into cells
water intoxication
occurs when water loss is greater than water gain
dehydration
can be caused by excessive sodium in diet or with dehydration
hypernatremia
condition that can occur as water moves out of plasma into interstitial fluid and blood volume decreases
hypovolemia
can be caused by decreased potassium intake or kidney disease; results in muscle fatigue, increased urine output, changes in electrocardiogram
hypokalemia
can occur from hypoparathyroidism
hypocalcemia
can be caused by emphysema, pulmonary edema, injury to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, airway destruction, or disorders of the muscles involved in breathing
respiratory acidosis
can be caused by excessive water intake, excessive vomiting, or aldosterone deficiency
hyponatremia
can be caused by actual loss of bicarbonate ions, ketosis, or failure of kidneys to excrete H +
metabolic acidosis
can be caused by excessive vomiting of gastric contents, gastric suctioning, use of certain diuretics, severe dehydration, or excessive intake of alkaline drugs
metabolic alkalosis
can be caused by oxygen deficiency at high altitude, stroke, or severe anxiety
respiratory alkalosis
