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Anatomy and Physiology > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

In the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system, the [a] acts as a weak base, and [b] acts as a weak acid.

A

bicarbonate ion, carbonic acid,

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2
Q

The source of water that is derived from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions is _________ water.

A

metabolic

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3
Q

The phosphate buffer system is an important regulator of pH in the cytosol.

A

true

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4
Q

The two compartments in which water can be found are plasma and cytosol

A

false intracellular and extracellular

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5
Q

The primary means of regulating body water gain is adjusting

A

the volume of water intake

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6
Q

Which of the following stimulate thirst? (1) a decreased production of saliva, (2) a decrease in nerve impulses from hypothalamic osmoreceptors, (3) an increase in osmolarity of body fluids, (4) angiotensin II release, (5) release of atrial natriuretic peptide, (6) an increase in blood volume.

A

1, 3, and 4

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7
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning the protein buffer system?

A

Protein buffers are primary buffers of acids in urine.

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8
Q

Buffers prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH of a body fluid.

A

true

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9
Q

Buffers work slowly.

A

false

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10
Q

Strong acids lower pH more than weak acids because strong acids contribute fewer H+.

A

false

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11
Q

Most buffers consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid, which acts as weak base.

A

true

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12
Q

Hemoglobin is an important buffer.

A

true

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13
Q

Which of the following hormones regulate fluid loss? (1) antidiuretic hormone, (2) aldosterone, (3) atrial natriuretic peptide, (4) thyroxine, (5) cortisol.

A

(1) antidiuretic hormone, (2) aldosterone, (3) atrial natriuretic peptide,

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14
Q

Which of the following are true concerning ions in the body? (1) They control osmosis of water between fluid compartments. (2) They help maintain acid–base balance. (3) They carry electrical current. (4) They serve as cofactors for enzyme activity. (5) They serve as neurotransmitters under special circumstances.

A

(1) They control osmosis of water between fluid compartments. (2) They help maintain acid–base balance. (3) They carry electrical current. (4) They serve as cofactors for enzyme activity.

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15
Q

An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases H + concentration and thus lowers pH.

A

true

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16
Q

Breath holding results in a decline in blood pH.

A

true

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17
Q

The only way to eliminate nonvolatile acids is to excrete H + in the urine.

A

true

18
Q

When the diet contains a large amount of protein, normal metabolism produces more acids than bases.

A

true

19
Q

The respiratory buffer mechanism can eliminate a single volatile acid: carbonic acid.

A

true

20
Q

Concerning acid–base imbalances: (1) Acidosis can cause depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission. (2) Renal compensation can resolve respiratory alkalosis or acidosis. (3) A major physiological effect of alkalosis is lack of excitability in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. (4) Resolution of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis occurs through renal compensation. (5) In adjusting blood pH, renal compensation occurs quickly whereas respiratory compensation takes days.

A

(1) Acidosis can cause depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission. (2) Renal compensation can resolve respiratory alkalosis or acidosis.

21
Q

the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid; plays a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential

A

potassium

22
Q

the most abundant mineral in the body; plays important roles in blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, and excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

A

calcium

23
Q

second most prevalent extracellular anion; mainly regulated by the kidneys; important for acid–base balance

A

bicarbonate

24
Q

second most common intracellular cation; is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, and Na +/K + ATPase metabolism

A

magnesium

25
Q

the most abundant extracellular cation; essential in fluid and electrolyte balance

A

sodium

26
Q

ions that are mostly combined with lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and ATP inside cells

A

phosphate

27
Q

most prevalent extracellular anion; can help balance the level of anions in different fluid compartments

A

chloride

28
Q

substances that act to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid

A

buffers

29
Q

inorganic substances that dissociate into ions when in solution

A

electrolytes

30
Q

an abnormal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid

A

edema

31
Q

can occur during renal failure or destruction of body cells, which releases phosphates into the blood

A

hyperphosphatemia

32
Q

the swelling of cells due to water moving from plasma into interstitial fluid and then into cells

A

water intoxication

33
Q

occurs when water loss is greater than water gain

A

dehydration

34
Q

can be caused by excessive sodium in diet or with dehydration

A

hypernatremia

35
Q

condition that can occur as water moves out of plasma into interstitial fluid and blood volume decreases

A

hypovolemia

36
Q

can be caused by decreased potassium intake or kidney disease; results in muscle fatigue, increased urine output, changes in electrocardiogram

A

hypokalemia

37
Q

can occur from hypoparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia

38
Q

can be caused by emphysema, pulmonary edema, injury to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, airway destruction, or disorders of the muscles involved in breathing

A

respiratory acidosis

39
Q

can be caused by excessive water intake, excessive vomiting, or aldosterone deficiency

A

hyponatremia

40
Q

can be caused by actual loss of bicarbonate ions, ketosis, or failure of kidneys to excrete H +

A

metabolic acidosis

41
Q

can be caused by excessive vomiting of gastric contents, gastric suctioning, use of certain diuretics, severe dehydration, or excessive intake of alkaline drugs

A

metabolic alkalosis

42
Q

can be caused by oxygen deficiency at high altitude, stroke, or severe anxiety

A

respiratory alkalosis

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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