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human bio YEAR 11 > pregnancy and embryonic development > Flashcards

pregnancy and embryonic development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what occurs within the first five weeks of embryonic development?

A
  • The inner cell mass forms three primary cell layers-endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm
  • The amniotic membrane forms
  • Brain forms
  • Liver is prominent
  • Heart begins to form/beat
  • limb buds begin to appear
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2
Q

what foetal development has occured by 3 months?

A

Blood cells formed in bone marrow

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3
Q

what foetal development has occured by 4 months?

A

Arms and hands fully shaped

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4
Q

what foetal development has occured by 5 months?

A

fine hairs covers body

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5
Q

what foetal development has occured by 6 months?

A

tooth buds evident

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6
Q

what foetal development has occured by 7 months?

A

All systems functional except respiratory system

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7
Q

what foetal development has occured by 8 months?

A

Accumulation of fat beneath the skin

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8
Q

what foetal development has occured by 9 months?

A

Eyes open + nose well formed

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9
Q

what is Amniotic fluid

A
  • protects the embryo against physical injury by acting as a shock absorber
  • maintain a constant temperature
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10
Q

how does blood flow from the Foetus to placenta?

A

umbilical arteries

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11
Q

how does blood flow from the placenta to fetus?

A

a single umbilical vein

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12
Q

blood flow from Mother to placenta?

A

diffusion

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13
Q

blood flow from placenta to mother?

A

diffusion

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14
Q

what is gestation?

A

time the feotus is in the uterus

lasts for 280 days

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15
Q

what is the first stage of labour?

A

dilation of the cervix

  • Strong contractions get more frequent
  • Cervix dilates
  • Lasts about 8 to 9 hours
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16
Q

what is the second stage of labour?

A

stage of expulsion

  • Lasts from 20 mins to 2 hours
  • Baby born head first,
17
Q

what is the third stage of birth

A

afterbirth

- Placenta detaches from the uterus and is delivered

18
Q

how is a zygote formed and implanted?

A
  • forms in the fallopian tube when sperm fertilizes the egg
  • Undergoes mitosis
  • Becomes a morula
    = Becomes a blastocyst
  • Enters the uterus where for 2-3 days
  • Forms an inner cell mass
  • Attach to uterine wall to gain nourishment
  • Inner cell mass forms three embryonic layers
19
Q

what is formen ovale?

A

Hole in the heart between left and right atrium

  • Closes at birth
  • Allows blood to bypass the lungs
20
Q

what is Patent foramen ovale (PFO)?

A

incomplete closure of the hole between to atria in newborns

21
Q

what are the complecation of what is Patent foramen ovale (PFO)?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • heart palpitations
  • bluish skin of baby
22
Q

how is foetal blood stream kept separate from mothers?

A
  • chorionic villi are surrounded by pools of mother’s blood and layers of cells separate the two blood supplies
23
Q

what happens to foetal circulation after birth?

A
  • Foramen ovale closes
  • Extenstion of the umbilical vein closes at birth
  • Ductus arteriosus closes
  • Blood flow through ductus venosus decreases
24
Q

what is Ductus venosus?

A

the foetal blood vessel that enables blood to bypass the liver

25
Q

what is Ductus arteriosus?

A

the foetal blood vessel that enables blood in the pulmonary artery to bypass the lungs and flow directly into the aorta-closes

26
Q

why does blood bypass the foetus lungs?

A

foetus’ lungs are fragile and can be damaged easily

27
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

a substance that can cause mutations/physical defects in the embryo/foetus- can cause physical damage to the unborn child

28
Q

how does alcohol affect foetal development?

A
  • Teratogen
  • Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
  • Undernourishment of foetus
  • Malformations of foetus
29
Q

how does smoking affect foetal development?

A
  • Changes to baby’s brain and lungs
  • Reduced oxygen supply
  • Retarded growth and development
30
Q

how does diet affect foetal development?

A
  • Lack of folic acid can lead to spina bifida
  • Lack of calcium can lead to bone deformities
  • Listeriosis caused by eating contaminated food can lead to miscarriages

human bio YEAR 11 (28 decks)

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