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Anatomy and Physiology II > Pregnancy and development > Flashcards

Pregnancy and development Flashcards

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0
Q

Conception through day 16 is called what?

A

Fertilization and the pre-embryonic stage

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1
Q

What are the four stages of fertilization and pre-embryonic development?

A

Fertilization (conception)
Cleavage
Implantation
Embryogenesis

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2
Q

Uniting of egg and sperm to form a zygote?

A

Fertilization (conception)

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3
Q

This Usually takes place in the uterine tube?

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

When acrosomal enzymes from hundreds of sperm may be needed to clear a path to Zona pellucida?

And one sperm digests its way through the zona pellucida then the head and mid piece enter the egg? This is called

A

Acrosomal reaction

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5
Q

When cortical granules release secretions which form the fertilization membrane and block polyspermy, this is called?

A

Cortical reaction

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6
Q

When chromosomal division of the egg is completed this is called?

A

Meiosis II

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7
Q

Next the haploid set of egg and sperm chromosomes mix into a?

A

Diploid set

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8
Q

Cell divisions that occurs the first three days are called?

A

Cleavage

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9
Q

When does the first cleavage occur?

A

About 30 hours after fertilization

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10
Q

What are the stages of cleavage?

A

Cell divisions
Morula
Blastocyst

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11
Q

Subdivisions from 2 to 4 to 8 etc. cells (blastomeres) is what stage of cleavage?

A

First stage

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12
Q

Ball of 16+ cells that arrives in the uterus 72 hours after fertilization, what stage is this of cleavage?

A

Morula, which is second stage of cleavage

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13
Q

Hollow ball of cells formed by day six Is called blastocyst (100 cells), What stage of cleavage is this?

A

The third stage

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14
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst that becomes the embryo is called?

A

The embryoblast

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15
Q

The outer layer of the blastocyst which is made of squamous cells that becomes part of the placenta is called?

A

Trophoblast

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16
Q

Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium, this is called?

A

Implantation

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17
Q

What are the three steps of implantation?

A

Trophoblast grows into the endometrium And digests it

The endometrium grows over the blastocyst so it is buried in the endometrium

The trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone.

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18
Q

The last phase of fertilization and pre-embryonic development is the arrangement of blastomeres into layers, this is called?

A

Embryogenesis

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19
Q

The layer that will become the inner lining of the digestive tract, etc. is called?

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

The layer that will become muscle, bone, blood, etc. is called?

A

Mesoderm

21
Q

The layer that will become epidermis and nervous system, etc. is called?

A

Ectoderm

22
Q

The embryonic stage which is day 16 through the 8th week has three stages these are?

A

Embryonic folding and organogenesis

Embryonic membranes

Placentation

23
Q

During embryonic folding and organogenesis the flat embryonic disk converts into a cylindrical form which folds into a ___________?

A

C shape

24
Q

During this stage the lateral sides fold and form the?

A

Ventral surface forming a tube

25
Q

What will become the brain and spinal cord?

A

The Neural tube forms

26
Q

During this stage mesoderm segments into somites which will become?

A

Vertebrae, trunk muscles, and dermis

27
Q

By the end of_____ Weeks, all organ systems are present.

A

8

28
Q

Fluid filled sac that encloses the embryo to protect it?

A

Amnion

29
Q

Sack that produces blood cells and future gametes?

A

Yolk sac

30
Q

Out pocketing of yolk sac which forms the umbilical cord and part of the urinary bladder?

A

Allantois

31
Q

Outer membrane with villi that becomes part of the placenta?

A

Chorion

32
Q

Development of placenta or divider?

A

Placentation

33
Q

In placentation what happens?

A

The trophoblast extensions or early chorionic villi penetrate deeply into the endometrium and becomes surrounded by spaces

Maternal blood-filled the spaces and the spaces formed the placental sinus

Blood vessels form in the villi and connect to the embryo by the umbilical cord

Nutrients and waste our exchange between blood vessels and sinus

34
Q

Blood passageways that close at birth?

A

Fetal circulation

35
Q

Carries blood from the internal iliac arteries to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

36
Q

Carries O2 blood from the placenta toward the liver?

A

Umbilical vein

37
Q

Carries blood from umbilical vein to IVC

A

Ductus venosus

38
Q

Carries blood from the right atrium to left atrium?

A

Foremen ovale

39
Q

Carries blood from Pulmonary trunk to aorta?

A

Ductus arteriosus

40
Q

What are some maternal changes during fetal development?

A

Increased tidal volume, blood volume, appetite, globular filtration rate, weight, size of uterus, size of man Mammary glands, and organ displacement

41
Q

What does parturition mean?

A

Birth

42
Q

The cervix thins and cervical canal dilates?

A

Dilation stage

43
Q

The fetus is expelled through the vagina?

A

Expulsion stage

44
Q

The placenta, etc. are expelled by uterine contractions?

A

Placental stage

45
Q

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus?

A

Abruptio placenta

46
Q

Implantation anywhere other than the uterus?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

47
Q

Blockage of the cervical canal by the placenta?

A

Placenta previa

48
Q

Hypertension and proteinuria, especially in the third trimester?

A

Preeclampsia

49
Q

Insulin insensitivity, etc. during pregnancy?

A

gestational diabetes

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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