Pregnancy and development Flashcards
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Conception through day 16 is called what?
Fertilization and the pre-embryonic stage
What are the four stages of fertilization and pre-embryonic development?
Fertilization (conception)
Cleavage
Implantation
Embryogenesis
Uniting of egg and sperm to form a zygote?
Fertilization (conception)
This Usually takes place in the uterine tube?
Fertilization
When acrosomal enzymes from hundreds of sperm may be needed to clear a path to Zona pellucida?
And one sperm digests its way through the zona pellucida then the head and mid piece enter the egg? This is called
Acrosomal reaction
When cortical granules release secretions which form the fertilization membrane and block polyspermy, this is called?
Cortical reaction
When chromosomal division of the egg is completed this is called?
Meiosis II
Next the haploid set of egg and sperm chromosomes mix into a?
Diploid set
Cell divisions that occurs the first three days are called?
Cleavage
When does the first cleavage occur?
About 30 hours after fertilization
What are the stages of cleavage?
Cell divisions
Morula
Blastocyst
Subdivisions from 2 to 4 to 8 etc. cells (blastomeres) is what stage of cleavage?
First stage
Ball of 16+ cells that arrives in the uterus 72 hours after fertilization, what stage is this of cleavage?
Morula, which is second stage of cleavage
Hollow ball of cells formed by day six Is called blastocyst (100 cells), What stage of cleavage is this?
The third stage
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst that becomes the embryo is called?
The embryoblast
The outer layer of the blastocyst which is made of squamous cells that becomes part of the placenta is called?
Trophoblast
Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium, this is called?
Implantation
What are the three steps of implantation?
Trophoblast grows into the endometrium And digests it
The endometrium grows over the blastocyst so it is buried in the endometrium
The trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
The last phase of fertilization and pre-embryonic development is the arrangement of blastomeres into layers, this is called?
Embryogenesis
The layer that will become the inner lining of the digestive tract, etc. is called?
Endoderm
The layer that will become muscle, bone, blood, etc. is called?
Mesoderm
The layer that will become epidermis and nervous system, etc. is called?
Ectoderm
The embryonic stage which is day 16 through the 8th week has three stages these are?
Embryonic folding and organogenesis
Embryonic membranes
Placentation
During embryonic folding and organogenesis the flat embryonic disk converts into a cylindrical form which folds into a ___________?
C shape
During this stage the lateral sides fold and form the?
Ventral surface forming a tube
What will become the brain and spinal cord?
The Neural tube forms
During this stage mesoderm segments into somites which will become?
Vertebrae, trunk muscles, and dermis
By the end of_____ Weeks, all organ systems are present.
8
Fluid filled sac that encloses the embryo to protect it?
Amnion
Sack that produces blood cells and future gametes?
Yolk sac
Out pocketing of yolk sac which forms the umbilical cord and part of the urinary bladder?
Allantois
Outer membrane with villi that becomes part of the placenta?
Chorion
Development of placenta or divider?
Placentation
In placentation what happens?
The trophoblast extensions or early chorionic villi penetrate deeply into the endometrium and becomes surrounded by spaces
Maternal blood-filled the spaces and the spaces formed the placental sinus
Blood vessels form in the villi and connect to the embryo by the umbilical cord
Nutrients and waste our exchange between blood vessels and sinus
Blood passageways that close at birth?
Fetal circulation
Carries blood from the internal iliac arteries to the placenta?
Umbilical arteries
Carries O2 blood from the placenta toward the liver?
Umbilical vein
Carries blood from umbilical vein to IVC
Ductus venosus
Carries blood from the right atrium to left atrium?
Foremen ovale
Carries blood from Pulmonary trunk to aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
What are some maternal changes during fetal development?
Increased tidal volume, blood volume, appetite, globular filtration rate, weight, size of uterus, size of man Mammary glands, and organ displacement
What does parturition mean?
Birth
The cervix thins and cervical canal dilates?
Dilation stage
The fetus is expelled through the vagina?
Expulsion stage
The placenta, etc. are expelled by uterine contractions?
Placental stage
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus?
Abruptio placenta
Implantation anywhere other than the uterus?
Ectopic pregnancy
Blockage of the cervical canal by the placenta?
Placenta previa
Hypertension and proteinuria, especially in the third trimester?
Preeclampsia
Insulin insensitivity, etc. during pregnancy?
gestational diabetes
