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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

A substance that is useless to the body is called?

A

Nitrogenous waste

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1
Q

This Organs function is to filter plasma,excretes wastes, Hormones and drugs

It also regulates blood Volume, pressure, and osmolality by regulating water output

It regulates electrolyte acid-base balance

And it secretes Erythrpoietin to control red blood cell count

This organ is called?

A

The kidneys

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2
Q

This is a byproduct of protein Catabolism?

A

Urea

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3
Q

This is a byproduct of nucleic acid catabolism?

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

This is a byproduct of creatine phosphate catabolism?

A

Creatinine

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5
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

Against the posterior abdominal wall at the level of T12 – L3 and
Retroperitoneal (which means posterior to the peritoneum)

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6
Q

What are the three layers of the kidney?

A

The renal Facia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule

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7
Q

This layer is Fibrous tissue that binds the kidney to the abdominal wall?

A

Renal fascia

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8
Q

This layer cushions the kidney and holds it in place?

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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9
Q

Encloses the renal parenchyma and protects it?

A

Fibrous capsule (outer layer)

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10
Q

What is the name of Glandular tissue that forms urine?

A

Renal parenchyma

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11
Q

The medial cavity occupied by blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and urine collecting structures is called?

A

Renal sinus

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12
Q

What is the name of the outer zone or layer of the renal parenchyma?

A

The renal cortex

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13
Q

What is the name of the inner zone or layer of the renal parenchyma?

A

Renal Medulla

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14
Q

What are extensions of the renal cortex that divide the renal medulla and contain blood vessels called?

A

Renal columns

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15
Q

What are the tissues that contain urine producing structures called?

A

Renal pyramids

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16
Q

The blunt point of the renal pyramid where urine drains?

A

Renal Papilla

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17
Q

Cup that collects the urine from the pyramid?

A

Minor calyx

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18
Q

Convergence of minor calyces forming a urine passageway?

A

Major calyx

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19
Q

Convergence of major calyces forming funnel like drain for urine?

A

Renal pelvis

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20
Q

Renal circulation

Of the arteries?

A

Renal artery> Segmental artery > Interlobar artery> arcuate artery > Cortical radiate artery

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21
Q

These arise from the cortical radiate artery and supply blood to nephrons?

A

Afferent arterioles

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22
Q

Ball of capillaries that filters plasma and produces filtrate?

A

Glomerulus

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23
Q

The way blood leaves the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arteriole

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24
Q

Network around renal tubule’s, reabsorb water and solutes filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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25
Q

Arise from an efferent arteriole and run parallel to nephron loops in the renal medulla, pick up H2O and solutes?

A

Vasa recta

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26
Q

Renal circulation of the veins?

A

Cortical radiate vein > Arcuate vein > Interlobar vein > Renal vein

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27
Q

This carries out the processes that form urine (1.2 million/ kidney)?

A

Nephron

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28
Q

This filters blood plasma?

A

Renal corpuscle

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29
Q

Filters plasma and produces filtrate?

A

Glomerulus

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30
Q

Encloses glomerulus and collects filtrate (plasma on the other side)?

A

Glomerular capsule

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31
Q

Cells that wrap around The glomerulus?

A

Podocytes

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32
Q

Converts filtrate to urine?

A

Renal tubule

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33
Q

This is a duct that leads away from glomerular capsule?

A

Renal tubule

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34
Q

See notes for renal tubes proximal convoluted tubule pathway…….

A

.

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35
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located?

A

Just Beneath the renal capsule

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36
Q

What type of nephrons have long nephrons loops that begin Close to the medulla and extend to the pyramid apex?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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37
Q

What are the four processes of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Water conservation

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38
Q

Water and some solutes in the blood pass from the capillaries to the capsular space Of the nephron?

A

Glomerular filtration

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39
Q

When Useful solutes and water from filtrate are returned to the blood?

A

Tubular reabsorption

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40
Q

Wastes from the blood are added to the filtrate?

A

Tubular secretion

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41
Q

Water from the urine is returned to the blood?

A

Water conservation

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42
Q

Fluid passes through three barriers that constitute a filtration membrane what are they?

A

Glomerular capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Filtration slits

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43
Q

Fenestrated with large filtration pores?

A

Glomerular Capillary endothelium

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44
Q

Holds back most large molecules?

A

Basement membrane

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45
Q

Pedicles of podocytes interdigitate holding back large anions?

A

Filtration slits

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46
Q

When there is protein in the urine this is called?

A

Proteinuria

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47
Q

When there is blood in the urine this is called?

A

Hematuria

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48
Q

What are three filtration pressures?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure
Capsular pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure

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49
Q

Pushes fluid out of capillaries?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

50
Q

Pushes fluid back into capillaries?

A

Capsular pressure

51
Q

Colloids in blood draw fluid back into blood (plasma proteins pulling water back in)?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

52
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Amount of filtrate formed per minute

53
Q

male GFR?

A

125 ml/min or 180 L/ day

54
Q

Female GFR

A

105 ml/ min or 150 L/day

55
Q

Urine excretion

56
Q

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined is called?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

57
Q

Regulation of globular filtration is achieved by three homeostatic mechanisms what are they?

A

Renal autoregulation
Sympathetic control
Hormonal control

58
Q

When nephrons adjust their own blood flow and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) this is called?

A

Renal autoregulation

59
Q

There are two mechanisms of autoregulation what are they?

A

The myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

60
Q

Smooth muscles in the afferent arterioles contract when blood-pressure rises and relax when blood-pressure falls this is called?

A

Myogenic mechanism

61
Q

Three special cell types occur here?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

62
Q

What are the three special cell types that occur in tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Macula densa cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangial cells

63
Q

These our cells at the end of the nephron loop that secrete messenger chemicals to juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Macula densa cells

64
Q

These are smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole that dilate or constrict the arteriole when stimulated by the macula densa?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

65
Q

Cells between the arterioles and glomerulus that communicate with juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Mesangial cells

66
Q

A rise in glomerular filtration rate causing increase in tubular flow, activates _________ _________ To stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to __________

A

Macula densa

Contract

67
Q

SNS and adrenal epinephrine constrict the afferent arterioles during this?

A

Sympathetic control

68
Q

When blood pressure drops, juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to secrete Renin

Renin acts on angiotensinogen to convert it to angiotensin I

In the lungs and kidneys angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II

This process is called?

A

Renin- angiotensin mechanism

69
Q

Angiotensin II’s actions on:

Entire body
Kidney
Kidney
Adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
A

Widespread vasoconstriction on entire body

Constriction of efferent and afferent arterioles of kidneys

Reabsorption of sodium chloride and water in kidneys

Secretion of aldosterone, promoting sodium reabsorption in adrenal cortex

Secretion of ADH, promoting H2O reabsorption in hypothalamus

Promotes thirst in hypothalamus

70
Q

The conversion of glomerular filtration to urine involves the removal and addition of chemicals by two processes what are they?

A

Tubular reabsorption

Secretion

71
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs about how much of the glomerular filtrate?

72
Q

The process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood is called?

A

Tubular reabsorption

73
Q

Mechanisms of reabsorption:

Ions?
Other?
Water?

A

Ions are sodium, chloride (follows sodium by electrical attraction), potassium

Other are glucose, amino acids, etc.

Water follows the solutes by osmosis

74
Q

In tubular reabsorption water and solutes leave the tubule cells and are _______________ into the blood by _________________ _________________

A

Reabsorbed

Peritubular capillaries

75
Q

A process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid?

A

Tubular secretion

76
Q

What purpose does tubular secretion serve?

A 
Waste removal (Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatine)
drug removal  (Morphine, penicillin, aspirin)
77
Q

What is pumped into tubule using Na+-H+ pump?

78
Q

This generates a salinity gradient that allows the convoluted tubule to concentrate urine?

A

The nephron loop

79
Q

Reabsorb water?

A

The descending limb of the Nephron loop

80
Q

Reabsorb sodium, potassium, chloride of the nephron loop?

A

Ascending limb

81
Q

Fluid arriving in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct still contains about _______of the water and ________ Of the salts from glomerular filtrate?

82
Q

In tubular reabsorption the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs?

A

Sodium, chloride, water

83
Q

And tubular reabsorption in the collecting duct reabsorb’s?

84
Q

During tubular secretion the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts secrete?

A

Hydrogen, potassium, NH4+(uric acid)

85
Q

This hormone stimulates the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more sodium and secrete potassium, water and chloride follows the sodium?

A

Aldosterone

86
Q

This hormone inhibits sodium chloride reabsorption by the collecting duct and inhibits renin, Aldosterone, and ADH secretion?

87
Q

Increases collecting duct permeability to water?

88
Q

Clear to dark amber colored urine is due to?

A

Urochrome from hemoglobin

89
Q

Urine is clear but turns cloudy upon standing because of what?

A

Bacterial growth

90
Q

Upon standing urine begins to smell because bacteria degrade from your urea to what?

91
Q

What is the pH of Urine?

A

4.5 to 8.2

92
Q

What is the chemical composition of urine?

A 
95% water
Urea
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Creatinine
Uric acid, etc.
93
Q

How much urine volume should we be outputting a day?

A

Up to 2 L a day

94
Q

What is it called when your urine volume is greater than 2 L a day?

95
Q

What is it called when your urine volume is less than 500 mL a day?

96
Q

If your urine volume is 0-100 mL a day?

97
Q

A chemical that increases urine volume?

98
Q

This diuretic dilates afferent arterioles and increases the GFR?

99
Q

This diuretic inhibits ADH secretion?

100
Q

This diuretic inhibits sodium reabsorption?

101
Q

In diabetics this acts as a diuretic by requiring water for its excretion?

102
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

They transport urine
They are muscular tubes that extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
They open onto the floor of the urinary bladder
Urine moves through the ureters by peristalsis

103
Q

A muscular sac that stores urine is called?

A

Urinary bladder

104
Q

The urinary bladder holds up to how many milliliters of urine?

A

700-800 mL

105
Q

Mucosa has transitional epithelium that thins from _____ layers to _______ layers as bladder fills?

A

5-6 layers

2-3 layers

106
Q

What are the wrinkles in the mucosa when relaxed or empty called?

107
Q

What is the triangle that is marked by openings of the ureters and urethra called?

108
Q

What is the urethra?

A

It is a tube that conveys urine out of the body from the urinary bladder

109
Q

How long is the female urethra? Male?

A

Female 3 to 4 cm long

Male 18 cm long

110
Q

What does the internal urethral sphincter do?

A

Retains urine in Bladder

111
Q

What does the external urethral sphincter do?

A

It provides voluntary control over urination

112
Q

When the urinary bladder is filled to 200 mL or more stretch receptors get excited and this happens?

A

Urination (voiding, micturition)

113
Q

After the urinary bladder is filled and the stretch receptors become excited, stretch receptors in the bladder wall transmit signals to the ________

114
Q

Next signals from the CNS relax the internal urethral sphincter and excite ___________ _____________to contract?

A

Detrusor (bladder) muscles

115
Q

Lastly, the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily __________?

116
Q

Hard granules of calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and proteins found in the renal pelvis are called?

A

Kidney stones

117
Q

Bacterial infection?

A

Urinary tract infection

118
Q

Auto immune disease following strep infection causing inflammation of the glomeruli?

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

119
Q

A decline in renal function due to damage or loss of nephrons?

A

Renal failure

120
Q

Inability to hold urine?

A

Urinary incontinence

121
Q

Increase in fluid pressure in the renal pelvis and calyces from obstruction of the ureter?

A

Hydronephrosis

122
Q

Slippage of the kidney to an normally low position?

A

Nephroptosis

123
Q

Excretion of the large amount of protein in the urine?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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