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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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0
Q

During this each day 2 to 4 L of fluid are filtered from blood capillaries and are not reabsorbed
Also the lymphatic system reabsorb’s and returns the fluid to the body which function is this?

A

Fluid recovery

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1
Q

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid recovery
Immunity
Lipid absorption

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2
Q

On its way back to the bloodstream, the fluid passes through lymph nodes, where immune cells monitor for foreign matter, this is called?

A

Immunity

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3
Q

In the small intestine, lacteals absorb dietary lipids, This is called?

A

Lipid absorption

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4
Q

Clear, colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma but low in protein is called?

A

Lymph

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5
Q

Similar to veins, has 3 tunics, valves, uses skeletal muscle pump, etc.
Has rhythmic contractions that move lymph

A

Lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

These collect tissue fluid
They penetrate nearly every tissue of the body
They closely associate with blood capillaries
They are closed at one end
Endothelial cells loosely overlap each other so that the gaps between cells are large enough to allow bacteria and cells to enter

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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7
Q

The convergence of lymph capillaries

They empty into lymph nodes and transport lymph from lymph nodes

A

Collecting vessels

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8
Q

Convergence of lymphatic collecting vessels
Trunks that drain major portions of the body jugular (head), subclavian (upper limbs arms), bronchomediastinal (chest), intercostal (ribs), intestinal (abdominal area), and lumbar trunks (lower limbs)

A

Lymphatic trunks

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9
Q

Convergence of lymphatic trunks

Right lymphatic duct – drains right arm, right side of thorax, neck and head and empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct – drains all of the body below the diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax and empties into left subclavian vein

Cisterns chyli- Prominent sac the lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk join

A

Collecting ducts

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10
Q

Lymphatic cells

Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy transplanted tissue, virus-infected cells, cancer cells and bacteria they work on intracellular issues they are called?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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11
Q

These cells rid the body of intracellular viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoans, and parasitic worms. They also destroy Cancer cells, and transplanted tissue. They only work on specific cells, they are also intracellular. What Type of lymphatic cells Are these?

A

T lymphocytes or T cells

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12
Q

Lymphatic cells that differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (Ab) to flag extracellular pathogens are called?

A

B lymphocytes (B) cells

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13
Q

Lymphatic cells that phagocytize debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria and foreign matter

They also process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments, they’re called?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Lymphatic cells that are antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.

They also alert the immune system when pathogens have crossed the body surface, what are they?

A

Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Cells in the lymph organs that act as APCs in the thymus and contribute to the framework of the lymph organs, what are they?

A

Reticular cells

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16
Q

What are aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissue called?

A

Lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

There are two types of lymphatic tissues what are they?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

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18
Q

Lymphocytes are scattered

Prevalent in body passages that are open to the exterior

Also called mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

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19
Q

Lymphocytes and Macrophages congregated in dense masses

Some nodules come and go as pathogens invade tissues

Some are in lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and peyer patches

A

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

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20
Q

These have well defined anatomical sites

They have red bone marrow which is an important supplier of lymphocytes to the immune system what are they?

A

Lymphatic organs

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21
Q

This house is developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones that regulate their development

This is located between the Stern and an aortic arch

It degenerates with age

A

Thymus

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22
Q

These clean the lymphs and act as sites of T and B cell activation

When fighting a pathogen, the cortex contains germinal centers where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

Lymph Enters the node through afferent vessels, percolates between the medullary cords and exits the node by way of an efferent vessel

A

Lymph nodes

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23
Q

Cervical nodes, axillary nodes, thoracic nodes, abdominal nodes, intestinal and mesenteric nodes are called what?

A

Concentrated nodes

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24
Q

Lymph node is swollen and painful

A

Lymphadenitis

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25
Q

Cancer of the lymph node from metastasis

A

Lymphoma

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26
Q

Lymph node malignancy with enlarged nodes especially in the neck, starts in cervical nodes is called?

A

Hodgkin’s disease

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27
Q

When the lymph node malignancy can start in any of the nodes this is called?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s disease

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28
Q

Patches of lymph tissue located at the entrance of the pharynx?

They also guard against ingested and inhale pathogens?

A

Tonsils

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29
Q

There are three main sets of tonsils what are they?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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30
Q

These tonsils are in the Back of the throat behind the nasal cavity?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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31
Q

These tonsils are located in the posterior margin of the oral cavity?

A

Palatine tonsils

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32
Q

These are located on each side of the root of the tongue?

A

Lingual tonsil’s

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33
Q

Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsil

A

Tonsillitis

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34
Q

Monitors blood for foreign antigens and disposes of old red blood cells?

Left side is inferior to the diaphragm?

A

The spleen

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35
Q

Lymphocytes and macrophages aggregate along branches of the splenic artery?

A

White pulp

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36
Q

Sinuses gorged with red blood cells?

A

Red pulp

37
Q

First line of defense for the immune system?

A

External barriers

38
Q

The surface cells contain mainly keratin?

To dry and pour in nutrients to support such microbial growth?

Coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as defensin (Creates a hole in the bacteria) and an lactic acid (prevents growth of bacteria)?

A

Skin which is considered the (wall barrier)

39
Q

Protects tracts open to the exterior?

Mucus ensnares microbes?

Mucus, tears, and saliva contains lysozyme ( it lyses or breaks apart bacteria)?

A

Mucous membranes

40
Q

Second line of defense?

A

Leukocytes

41
Q

First responders to tissue being attacked (police)

A

neutrophils

42
Q

They wander around in connective tissue killing bacteria, they eat the troublemakers?

They phagocytize bacteria produce highly toxic chemicals which will kill both the bacteria and neutrophils and connective tissue, sacrifice for good body also use chemical warfare?

A

Neutrophils

43
Q

These are kind of like the pest control?

A

Eosinophils

44
Q

They kill parasites (worms) with toxic chemicals?

They stimulate basophil’s and mast cells to release their chemicals?

They phagocytize and degrade Ag-Ab complexes?

They secrete enzymes that degrade and limit the action of histamine?

A

eosinophils

45
Q

These secrete histamine, heparin and leukotrienes?

A

Basophil’s / mast cells

46
Q

These release perforins which create a hole in the plasma membrane and they release enzymes which enter the hole.

A

Natural killer cell’s

47
Q

These are looking for something to eat?

Some are wondering cells actively seek pathogen?

Some are fixed like microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and hepatic macrophages in the liver?

A

Monocytes (macrophages)

48
Q

Also a second line of defense?

A

Anti-microbial proteins

49
Q

Secreted from leukocytes infected with viruses?

Alert neighboring cells and protect him from becoming infected?

Activate Natural killer cells and Macrophages which destroy infected cells?

A

Interferons

50
Q

30 or more globulins (complement proteins) synthesized in the liver?

A

Complement system

51
Q

Complement protein stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals?

A

Inflammation

52
Q

Complement protein binds Ag-Ab Complexes to red blood cells which are stripped off in liver and spleen by Macrophages?

A

Immune clearance

53
Q

Complement proteins assist phagocytes by serving as binding sites on microbes for phagocyte attachment?

A

Phagocytosis

54
Q

Complement proteins form a hole in the target cell?

A

Cytolysis

55
Q

Another second line of defense?

A

Fever

56
Q

Abnormal elevation of body temperature?

A

Fever

57
Q

Promotes interferon activity, elevates the metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, and inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses?

A

Benefits of the fever

58
Q

As neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogens they secrete pyrogens which stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the set point for body temperature?

When the infection is defeated pyrogen secretion ceases and the temperature is set back to normal?

A

Fever

59
Q

Another second line of defense?

A

Inflammation

60
Q

A local defense response to tissue injury of any kind ?

A

Inflammation

61
Q

Limit the spread of pathogens and ultimately destroy then, remove degree of damage tissue, initiate tissue repair?

A

Purposes of inflammation

62
Q

Redness, swelling, heat, pain?

A

Signs of inflammation

63
Q

A. Mobilization of defenses
Damage cells and mast cells secrete histamines causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to bring in white
blood cells and plasma proteins.
Vasodilation causes redness and heat
Increased capillary permeability causes swelling and pain

B. Containment and distraction of pathogens – Fibrogen forms clots that wall off microbes.

C. Tissue cleanup and repair
Macrophages cleanup
Platelet and endothelial cells secrete growth factors

A

Process of inflammation

64
Q

Third line of defense?

A

Specific immunity

65
Q

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

A

Specificity

66
Q

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness?

A

Memory

67
Q

There are four classes of immunity, what are they?

A

Natural active immunity

Artificial active immunity

Natural passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity

68
Q

Production of one’s own Abs or T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen?

A

Natural active immunity

69
Q

Production of one’s own Abs or T cells as a result of vaccination against diseases?

A

Artificial active immunity

70
Q

Temporary immunity that results from acquiring Abs produced by another person?

A

Natural passive immunity

71
Q

Temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another person or from animals?

A

Artificial passive immunity

72
Q

Any molecule that triggers an immune response?

A

Antigen (Ags)

73
Q

Certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses?

A

Epitopes

74
Q

Molecules too small to be antigenic unless bound to host macromolecules?

A

Haptens

75
Q

Mature in the thymus and colonize lymph tissue and organs?

A

T cells

76
Q

Mature in bone marrow and disperse throughout the body?

A

B cells

77
Q

B cells, macrophages, reticular cells, dendritic cells that injest Ags and display a fragment in their MHC II protein?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

78
Q

These proteins act as identification tags that label every cell of your body as belonging to you?

A

Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I)

79
Q

Occur on Antigen presenting cells or APCs and display injested foreign antigens?

A

MHC-II

80
Q

What cells directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells?

A

T cells

81
Q

What is a means of ridding the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells?

A

Cellular immunity

82
Q

Attack diseased or foreign cells?

A

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

83
Q

Promote the action of Tc cells and B cells

A

Helper T (TH) cells

84
Q

Responsible for memory?

A

Memory T (TM) cells

85
Q

Prevent autoimmune diseases?

A

Regulatory (TR) cells

86
Q

There are three stages of immunity what are they?

A

Recognition
Attack
Memory

87
Q
  1. diseased or foreign cells display abnormal antigens in MHC-I
  2. Antigen presentation, APC ingests diseased cell, displays a fragment and it’s MHC –II and migrates to nearest lymph node.
  3. T-cell activation
    TH cell binds to MHC of APC, is activated and releases IL
    TC Cell binds to MHC of APC is activated by IL from TH
A

The recognition stage of immunity

88
Q

When activated cells divide and give rise to clones During the recognition stage of immunity this is called?

A

Clonal selection

89
Q

When clones become TC, TH, or TM cells during the recognition stage of immunity this is called?

A

Differentiation

90
Q

TC cell binds to a cell with an abnormal antigen in MHC-I And releases perforins, granzymes and interferons and tumor necrosis factor then moves on to another cell?

A

The attack stage of immunity

91
Q

TM cells are long-lived, require fewer steps to be activated and upon re-exposure will mount a quick attack, This stage of immunity is called?

A

Memory

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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