Chapter 21 Flashcards
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During this each day 2 to 4 L of fluid are filtered from blood capillaries and are not reabsorbed
Also the lymphatic system reabsorb’s and returns the fluid to the body which function is this?
Fluid recovery
What are three functions of the lymphatic system?
Fluid recovery
Immunity
Lipid absorption
On its way back to the bloodstream, the fluid passes through lymph nodes, where immune cells monitor for foreign matter, this is called?
Immunity
In the small intestine, lacteals absorb dietary lipids, This is called?
Lipid absorption
Clear, colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma but low in protein is called?
Lymph
Similar to veins, has 3 tunics, valves, uses skeletal muscle pump, etc.
Has rhythmic contractions that move lymph
Lymphatic vessels
These collect tissue fluid
They penetrate nearly every tissue of the body
They closely associate with blood capillaries
They are closed at one end
Endothelial cells loosely overlap each other so that the gaps between cells are large enough to allow bacteria and cells to enter
Lymphatic capillaries
The convergence of lymph capillaries
They empty into lymph nodes and transport lymph from lymph nodes
Collecting vessels
Convergence of lymphatic collecting vessels
Trunks that drain major portions of the body jugular (head), subclavian (upper limbs arms), bronchomediastinal (chest), intercostal (ribs), intestinal (abdominal area), and lumbar trunks (lower limbs)
Lymphatic trunks
Convergence of lymphatic trunks
Right lymphatic duct – drains right arm, right side of thorax, neck and head and empties into right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct – drains all of the body below the diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax and empties into left subclavian vein
Cisterns chyli- Prominent sac the lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk join
Collecting ducts
Lymphatic cells
Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy transplanted tissue, virus-infected cells, cancer cells and bacteria they work on intracellular issues they are called?
Natural killer (NK) cells
These cells rid the body of intracellular viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoans, and parasitic worms. They also destroy Cancer cells, and transplanted tissue. They only work on specific cells, they are also intracellular. What Type of lymphatic cells Are these?
T lymphocytes or T cells
Lymphatic cells that differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (Ab) to flag extracellular pathogens are called?
B lymphocytes (B) cells
Lymphatic cells that phagocytize debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria and foreign matter
They also process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments, they’re called?
Macrophages
Lymphatic cells that are antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.
They also alert the immune system when pathogens have crossed the body surface, what are they?
Dendritic cells
Cells in the lymph organs that act as APCs in the thymus and contribute to the framework of the lymph organs, what are they?
Reticular cells
What are aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissue called?
Lymphatic tissue
There are two types of lymphatic tissues what are they?
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic nodules (follicles)
Lymphocytes are scattered
Prevalent in body passages that are open to the exterior
Also called mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Lymphocytes and Macrophages congregated in dense masses
Some nodules come and go as pathogens invade tissues
Some are in lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and peyer patches
Lymphatic nodules (follicles)
These have well defined anatomical sites
They have red bone marrow which is an important supplier of lymphocytes to the immune system what are they?
Lymphatic organs
This house is developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones that regulate their development
This is located between the Stern and an aortic arch
It degenerates with age
Thymus
These clean the lymphs and act as sites of T and B cell activation
When fighting a pathogen, the cortex contains germinal centers where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells
Lymph Enters the node through afferent vessels, percolates between the medullary cords and exits the node by way of an efferent vessel
Lymph nodes
Cervical nodes, axillary nodes, thoracic nodes, abdominal nodes, intestinal and mesenteric nodes are called what?
Concentrated nodes
Lymph node is swollen and painful
Lymphadenitis
Cancer of the lymph node from metastasis
Lymphoma
Lymph node malignancy with enlarged nodes especially in the neck, starts in cervical nodes is called?
Hodgkin’s disease
When the lymph node malignancy can start in any of the nodes this is called?
Non-Hodgkin’s disease
Patches of lymph tissue located at the entrance of the pharynx?
They also guard against ingested and inhale pathogens?
Tonsils
There are three main sets of tonsils what are they?
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
These tonsils are in the Back of the throat behind the nasal cavity?
Pharyngeal tonsils
These tonsils are located in the posterior margin of the oral cavity?
Palatine tonsils
These are located on each side of the root of the tongue?
Lingual tonsil’s
Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsil
Tonsillitis
Monitors blood for foreign antigens and disposes of old red blood cells?
Left side is inferior to the diaphragm?
The spleen
Lymphocytes and macrophages aggregate along branches of the splenic artery?
White pulp
Sinuses gorged with red blood cells?
Red pulp
First line of defense for the immune system?
External barriers
The surface cells contain mainly keratin?
To dry and pour in nutrients to support such microbial growth?
Coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as defensin (Creates a hole in the bacteria) and an lactic acid (prevents growth of bacteria)?
Skin which is considered the (wall barrier)
Protects tracts open to the exterior?
Mucus ensnares microbes?
Mucus, tears, and saliva contains lysozyme ( it lyses or breaks apart bacteria)?
Mucous membranes
Second line of defense?
Leukocytes
First responders to tissue being attacked (police)
neutrophils
They wander around in connective tissue killing bacteria, they eat the troublemakers?
They phagocytize bacteria produce highly toxic chemicals which will kill both the bacteria and neutrophils and connective tissue, sacrifice for good body also use chemical warfare?
Neutrophils
These are kind of like the pest control?
Eosinophils
They kill parasites (worms) with toxic chemicals?
They stimulate basophil’s and mast cells to release their chemicals?
They phagocytize and degrade Ag-Ab complexes?
They secrete enzymes that degrade and limit the action of histamine?
eosinophils
These secrete histamine, heparin and leukotrienes?
Basophil’s / mast cells
These release perforins which create a hole in the plasma membrane and they release enzymes which enter the hole.
Natural killer cell’s
These are looking for something to eat?
Some are wondering cells actively seek pathogen?
Some are fixed like microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and hepatic macrophages in the liver?
Monocytes (macrophages)
Also a second line of defense?
Anti-microbial proteins
Secreted from leukocytes infected with viruses?
Alert neighboring cells and protect him from becoming infected?
Activate Natural killer cells and Macrophages which destroy infected cells?
Interferons
30 or more globulins (complement proteins) synthesized in the liver?
Complement system
Complement protein stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals?
Inflammation
Complement protein binds Ag-Ab Complexes to red blood cells which are stripped off in liver and spleen by Macrophages?
Immune clearance
Complement proteins assist phagocytes by serving as binding sites on microbes for phagocyte attachment?
Phagocytosis
Complement proteins form a hole in the target cell?
Cytolysis
Another second line of defense?
Fever
Abnormal elevation of body temperature?
Fever
Promotes interferon activity, elevates the metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, and inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses?
Benefits of the fever
As neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogens they secrete pyrogens which stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the set point for body temperature?
When the infection is defeated pyrogen secretion ceases and the temperature is set back to normal?
Fever
Another second line of defense?
Inflammation
A local defense response to tissue injury of any kind ?
Inflammation
Limit the spread of pathogens and ultimately destroy then, remove degree of damage tissue, initiate tissue repair?
Purposes of inflammation
Redness, swelling, heat, pain?
Signs of inflammation
A. Mobilization of defenses
Damage cells and mast cells secrete histamines causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to bring in white
blood cells and plasma proteins.
Vasodilation causes redness and heat
Increased capillary permeability causes swelling and pain
B. Containment and distraction of pathogens – Fibrogen forms clots that wall off microbes.
C. Tissue cleanup and repair
Macrophages cleanup
Platelet and endothelial cells secrete growth factors
Process of inflammation
Third line of defense?
Specific immunity
Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
Specificity
When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness?
Memory
There are four classes of immunity, what are they?
Natural active immunity
Artificial active immunity
Natural passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity
Production of one’s own Abs or T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen?
Natural active immunity
Production of one’s own Abs or T cells as a result of vaccination against diseases?
Artificial active immunity
Temporary immunity that results from acquiring Abs produced by another person?
Natural passive immunity
Temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another person or from animals?
Artificial passive immunity
Any molecule that triggers an immune response?
Antigen (Ags)
Certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses?
Epitopes
Molecules too small to be antigenic unless bound to host macromolecules?
Haptens
Mature in the thymus and colonize lymph tissue and organs?
T cells
Mature in bone marrow and disperse throughout the body?
B cells
B cells, macrophages, reticular cells, dendritic cells that injest Ags and display a fragment in their MHC II protein?
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
These proteins act as identification tags that label every cell of your body as belonging to you?
Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I)
Occur on Antigen presenting cells or APCs and display injested foreign antigens?
MHC-II
What cells directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells?
T cells
What is a means of ridding the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells?
Cellular immunity
Attack diseased or foreign cells?
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
Promote the action of Tc cells and B cells
Helper T (TH) cells
Responsible for memory?
Memory T (TM) cells
Prevent autoimmune diseases?
Regulatory (TR) cells
There are three stages of immunity what are they?
Recognition
Attack
Memory
- diseased or foreign cells display abnormal antigens in MHC-I
- Antigen presentation, APC ingests diseased cell, displays a fragment and it’s MHC –II and migrates to nearest lymph node.
- T-cell activation
TH cell binds to MHC of APC, is activated and releases IL
TC Cell binds to MHC of APC is activated by IL from TH
The recognition stage of immunity
When activated cells divide and give rise to clones During the recognition stage of immunity this is called?
Clonal selection
When clones become TC, TH, or TM cells during the recognition stage of immunity this is called?
Differentiation
TC cell binds to a cell with an abnormal antigen in MHC-I And releases perforins, granzymes and interferons and tumor necrosis factor then moves on to another cell?
The attack stage of immunity
TM cells are long-lived, require fewer steps to be activated and upon re-exposure will mount a quick attack, This stage of immunity is called?
Memory
