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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Movement

A

Muscles enable us to move the body and body contents.

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1
Q

What are five functions of muscles?

A 
Movement
Stability
Control body openings and passages
Heat production
Glycemic control
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2
Q

Stability

A

Muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements.

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3
Q

Another function of muscles

A

Control body openings and passages

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4
Q

Heat production

A

Muscles produce 85% of the body heat

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5
Q

Glycemic control

A

Muscles absorb, store and use a large share of the glucose and play a role in stabilizing blood glucose concentrations.

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6
Q

What are four connective tissues and fascicles of the muscular system?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascia

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7
Q

Endomysium

A

A thin sheath of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle.

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8
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle cells together in bundles (fascicles) and contains larger nerves, blood vessels and stretch receptors.

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9
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle.

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10
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles.

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11
Q

Fascicles and muscle shapes

A

The strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of it’s fascicles.

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12
Q

Five classifications of muscles according to fascicle orientation

A 
Fusiform muscles
Parallel muscles
Triangular (convergent) muscles
Pennate muscles
Circular muscles (sphincters)
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13
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Thick in the middle and tapered at each end.

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14
Q

Parallel muscles

A

Uniform width and parallel fascicles

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15
Q

Triangular (convergent) muscles

A

Fan shaped with one end broad and one end narrow

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16
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Feathers shaped in which the fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle

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17
Q

Circular muscles (sphincters)

A

Rings around body openings

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18
Q

Four types of muscle attachments

A

Indirect attachment
Direct attachment
Origin
Insertion

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19
Q

Indirect attachment

A
  1. The muscle ends short of the bone and the gap is bridged by a tendon.
  2. Collagen fibers of the muscle continue into the tendon and into the periosteum.
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20
Q

Direct attachment

A

There is little separation between muscle and bone.

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21
Q

Origin

A

Attachment site to the bone at the stationary end.

22
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment site at its mobile end.

23
Q

Four functional groups of muscles

A

Prime mover (agonist)
Synergist
Antagonist
Fixator

24
Q

Prime mover (agonist)

A

A muscle that produces most of the force during a joint action.

25
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that aids the prime mover by stabilizing a joint or modifying the direction of the movement.

26
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the prime mover and limits the speed or range of the prime mover.

– Antagonist pairs are needed because a single muscle cannot flex and extend the joint.

27
Q

Fixator

A

A muscle that prevents a bone from moving

28
Q

Intrinsic muscle

A

Muscle with origin and insertion in a particular region.

29
Q

Extrinsic muscle

A

Muscle with the origin in one region and the action and insertion elsewhere.

30
Q

Two types of muscle innervation

A

Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

31
Q

Spinal nerves

A

From the spinal cord and innervate muscles below the neck.

32
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Arise from the base of the brain and innervate muscles of the head and neck.

33
Q

Seven ways that muscles are named

A 
By the adjacent bone
By the action of the muscle
By the shape of the muscle
By the number of heads
By the location of the muscle
By the size of the muscle
By the origin or insertion of the muscle
34
Q

Muscles of respiration

A

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Internal intercostals

35
Q

Injection sites

A

Deltoid

Gluteus medius

36
Q

Rotator cuff – tendons of

A

Supraspinatous
Infraspinatous
Teres minor
Subscapularis

37
Q

Quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

38
Q

Hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranous

39
Q

Calf muscles

A

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

40
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Inelastic fascia prevents the compartment From expanding with fluid accumulation, obstructing bloodflow by pressure on the arteries.

41
Q

Hernias

A

Viscera protrudes through weak point in the muscle wall.

42
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Tingling and muscle weakness in the palm and hand when swelling in carpal tunnel puts pressure on the nerve.

43
Q

Baseball finger

A

A tear in the extension tendons of the fingers from the impact of a baseball with the extended finger.

44
Q

Blockers arm

A

Calcification in the lateral margin of the forearm from repeated impact with opposing players.

45
Q

Charley horse

A

A tear, stiffness and blood clotting in a muscle.

46
Q

Pitcher’s arm

A

Inflammation at the origin of the flexor carpi muscles from hard wrist flexion.

47
Q

Pulled groin

A

Strain in the adductor muscle of the thigh.

48
Q

Pulled hamstrings

A

Strained muscles or a tear in the tendinous origins.

49
Q

Rider’s bones

A

Calcification in the tendons of the adductors muscles of the medial thigh.

50
Q

Rotator cuff injury

A

A tear in the tendon of the rotator cuff muscles.

51
Q

Shin splints

A

Injury with pain in the crural region.

52
Q

Tennis elbow

A

Inflammation at the origin of the extensor Carpi muscles on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

53
Q

Tennis leg

A

A partial tear in the lateral origin of the Gastrocnemius muscle.

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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