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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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0
Q

This layer lines the inside of the vessel

This layer is simple squamous epithelium overlying a basement membrane

This layer Is a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream

A

Tunica interna

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1
Q

Three parts of the blood vessel wall are?

A

Tunica interna (endothelium) - inner layer

Tunica media - middle layer

Tunica externa- outer layer

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2
Q

This layer is made of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic tissue

This layer strengthens the vessel and changes the diameter of the blood vessel

A

Tunica media

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3
Q

This layer is made of loose connective tissue

This layer anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vessels

Small blood vessels called vasa vasorum supply blood to the outer wall of larger vessels

A

Tunica externa

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4
Q

These carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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5
Q

There are three types of arteries, what are they?

A

Conducting (elastic or large) arteries

Distributing (muscular or medium) arteries

Resistance (small) arteries

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6
Q

The aorta, pulmonary trunk, Common iliac, common carotid, and subclavian arteries, are what type of arteries?

A

Conducting arteries

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7
Q
  • These arteries are smaller branches that distribute blood to specific organs
  • There Tunica media has layers of smooth muscle allowing vasomotion
A

Distributing arteries

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8
Q
  • Small arteries, the smallest are arterioles (constriction going on)
A

Resistance arteries

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9
Q
  • Short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries
  • Each forms a pre-capillary sphincter, which is smooth muscle that encircles the entrance to one capillary and can shut off
    blood through the capillary bed
A

Metarterioles

Meta= between

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10
Q

A weak point in an artery or in the heart wall is called a?

A

Aneurysm

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11
Q

These exchange vessels, they are called?

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

There are three types of capillaries, what are they?

A

Continuous capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries

Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

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13
Q
  • These capillaries are endothelial cells from a continuous tube
  • They’re found in most tissues
  • Small solutes pass-through, but larger particles are held back
  • In the brain blood vessel cells are tightly joined in and form the blood brain barrier
  • They have pericytes, which are cells with tendrils that wrap around capillaries and regulate permeability, they contribute to
    growth and repair
A

Continuous capillaries

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14
Q
  • Cells that have filtration pores
  • These pores allow rapid passage of small molecules, but retain larger molecules
  • They are found in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine and choroid plexus
A

Fenestrated capillaries

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15
Q
  • Irregular blood-filled spaces
  • Found in the liver, bone marrow and spleen
  • Endothelial cells are separated by wide gaps so blood cells and proteins can pass through
A

Sinusoids

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16
Q
  • Capillaries are organized into networks called these?
  • 10-100 capillaries supplied by single metarteriole
  • metarteriole Continues as a thoroughfare channel and leads to a venule
  • Capillaries branch off proximal end and empty into the distal end
  • When sphincters are closed, blood bypasses the capillaries and flows through the thoroughfare channel to the venule
A

Capillary beds

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17
Q
  • These carry blood back to the heart, what are they?
  • expand easily to accommodate increased blood volume
  • low blood pressure, about 10 mm Hg
A

Veins

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18
Q

There are five types of veins, what are they?

A

Postcapillary venules

Muscular Venules

Medium veins

Venous sinuses

Large veins

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19
Q
  • These are small veins that receive blood from capillaries

- They are porous and also exchange fluid

A

Postcapillary venules

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20
Q
  • These receive blood from postcapillary venules

- Contain one or two layers of smooth muscle

A

Muscular venules

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21
Q
  • Infolding of their tunica interna form venous valves

- Valves keep the blood from dropping down with the pool of gravity

A

Medium veins

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22
Q
  • Veins with thin-walls, large lumen and no smooth muscle
A

Venous sinuses

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23
Q
  • They have smooth muscle in all three tunics

- Venae cavae, pulmonary, internal jugular, and renal veins

A

Large veins

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24
Q

The flow of blood back to the heart is achieved by five mechanisms, this process is called?

A

venous return

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25
Q

These Allow blood to flow in only one direction?

A

Venous valves

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26
Q

There is a venous pressure gradient from venules to the heart favoring the flow of blood to the heart, this is called?

A

Pressure gradient

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27
Q

Blood from the head and neck returns to the heart by flowing down through large veins, this is called?

A

Gravity

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28
Q

In the limbs, the veins are surrounded by muscles which squeeze the blood out of the vein when the muscles contract, this is called?

A

Skeletal muscle pump

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29
Q

When you inhale the thoracic cavity pressure drops and the abdominal cavity pressure raises putting pressure on the abdominal inferior vena cava and creating a pressure gradient toward the heart, this is called?

A

Thoracic (respiratory) pump

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30
Q

During ventricular systole, the atria enlarge creating a slight suction, This is called?

A

Cardiac suction

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31
Q

When blood pools in the lower limbs, stretches the veins, and pulls the venous valves apart until the Valves cannot prevent back flow of blood, wall of vein becomes weak developing into a regular dilations, this is called?

A

Varicose veins

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32
Q

What is the simplest and most common route of blood flow?

A

Heart- arteries- arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart

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33
Q

There’s the simple pathway which is the most common circulatory route but there are exceptions, name four of them.

A

Portal system

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Venous anastomoses

Arterial anastomoses

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34
Q

When blood flows through two capillary beds before returning to the heart, this is called?

A

Portal system

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35
Q

When blood flows from artery to vein by bypassing capillaries, this is called?

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

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36
Q

When veins that interconnect provide alternate routes, this is called?

A

Venous anastomoses

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37
Q

Went to arteries merge an organ to provide alternate route, this is called?

A

Arterial anastomoses

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38
Q

The amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min), is called what?

A

Flow

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39
Q

The flow per given volume or mass of tissue (mL/min/g), is called what?

A

Perfusion

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40
Q

The physical principles of bloodflow are based on two things, what are they?

A

Pressure (causing flow)

Resistance (preventing flow)

41
Q

The force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall is called what?

A

Blood pressure

42
Q

Blood pressure is measured with this it is connected to an inflatable cuff . The pressure in cuff is greater than the pressure in blood vessel, cuts off blood and then slowly releases, what is this Instrument called?

A

Sphygmomanometer

43
Q

Where is blood pressure recorded from?

A

The brachial artery

44
Q

What are the five different pressures that we look at?

A 
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Arterial blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
45
Q

What is the peak arterial blood pressure occurring during Ventricular contraction (120mmHg)?

A

Systolic pressure

46
Q

The minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during ventricular relaxation, between heartbeats (75mmHg)?

A

Diastolic pressure

47
Q

Systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure (Systolic pressure/Diastolic pressure)

A

Arterial blood pressure

48
Q

Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

The maximum stress exerted on small arteries by the pressure surges generated from the heart

A

Pulse pressure

49
Q

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure

Measure of stress on blood vessels

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

50
Q

Chronic resting blood pressure higher than 140/90

A

Hypertension

51
Q

Chronic low resting blood pressure

A

Hypotension

52
Q

Does the blood flow in the arteries pulsate?

A

Yes

53
Q

Blood flows in the capillaries and veins at a steady speed (with or without) pulsation?

A

Without

54
Q

Why does blood pressure rise with age?

A

Because of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

55
Q

What is blood-pressure determined by?

A

Cardiac output, blood volume and resistance

56
Q

What is the opposition to flow that the blood encounters in blood vessels?

A

Peripheral resistance

57
Q

Peripheral resistance hinges on three variables, what are they?

A

Blood viscosity
Vessel length
vessel radius

58
Q
  • Thickness of the blood
  • Deficiency of red blood cells or albumin reduces viscosity and speeds up bloodflow (decreases resistance)
  • Polycythemia or dehydration increases viscosity and slows down bloodflow (increases resistance)
A

Blood viscosity

59
Q
  • The farther a liquid travels thru a tube, the more cumulative friction it encounters, thus pressure and flow drop with distance (increases resistance)
A

Vessel length

60
Q
  • The only significant way of controlling peripheral resistance from moment to moment is by vasomotion which is adjusting the
    radius of the blood vessels.
  • vasomotion includes:
    - vasoconstriction- Narrowing of a vessel when smooth muscles contract (increases Resistance)
         -Vasodilation - Widening of a vessel when smooth muscles relax
A

.

61
Q
  • When the vessel dilates more blood is in the middle of the blood stream and the flow is faster, while when the vessel
    constricts, more of the blood is close to the wall and the flow is slower
  • Vessel radius markedly affects blood velocity
  • From a order to capillary, velocity Diminishes
A

Vessel radius

62
Q

There are three ways of controlling blood pressure and flow, what are they?

A

Local control

Neural control

Hormonal control

63
Q

What is the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply?

A

Autoregulation

64
Q

What does hypoxia and accumulation of waste products in tissue do?

A

They stimulate vasodilation which increases perfusion

65
Q

What do platelets, endothelial cells and perivascular tissue do that stimulate vasomotion?

A

They secrete vasoactive chemicals

66
Q

Over time hypoxic tissue can increase it’s own perfusion by what?

A

Angiogenesis

67
Q

In addition to local control, the blood vessels are under remote control by what?

A

by the central and autonomic nervous system’s (neural control)

68
Q

The vasomotor center is an integrating center for three autonomic reflexes, what are they?

A

Baroreflex

Chemoreflex

Medullary ischemic reflex

69
Q

Exerts SNS control

The SNS stimulates most blood vessels to constrict which increases blood pressure

The SNS dilates blood vessels of skeletal and cardiac muscles

A

Vasomotor center of medulla oblongata

70
Q

This is the autonomic nervous system’s response to changes in blood pressure

When blood-pressure rises, increasing nerve signals inhibit the vasomotor center and stimulate the cardio inhibitory neurons, this decreases Heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure

When blood pressure drops the reverse occurs and blood-pressure rises back to normal

A

Baroreflex

71
Q

This is The autonomic nervous system response to changes in blood pH, O2, and CO2

Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (high CO2), and acidosis (high hydrogen) stimulate chemoreceptors and act through the vasomotor center to induce vasoconstriction

Increases overall blood pressure, increasing perfusion of lungs and rate of gas exchange

A

Chemoreflex

72
Q

The autonomic nervous system’s response to a drop in perfusion of brain

Drop in perfusion stimulates the cardiac and vasomotor centers to increase heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction

These actions raise the blood pressure and blood perfusion through the brain

A

Medullary ischemic reflex

73
Q

There are five hormones under hormone control that influence blood pressure, what are they?

A

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

Natriuretic peptides

Antidiuretic hormone

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q

A potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure

A

Angiotensin II

75
Q

Promotes sodium retention by the kidneys and water follows

It increases the blood volume and blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

76
Q

Secreted by the heart and brain to antagonize aldosterone

These increase sodium excretion by the kidneys

These Reduce blood volume and blood pressure

They are used to lower high blood pressure

A

Natriuretic peptides

77
Q

Promotes water retention

Pathologic, at high concentrations it is a vasoconstrictor

A

Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

78
Q

The stimulate vasoconstriction and raise blood pressure in most blood vessels, in cardiac and skeletal muscle blood vessels, they stimulate vasodilation to increase bloodflow (fight or flight)

A

Epinephrine or norepinephrine

79
Q

A two-way movement of fluid is called what?

A

Capillary exchange

80
Q

Movement because molecules are more concentrated in blood and tissue fluid or the reverse, is called?

A

Diffusion

81
Q

Diffusion, filtration and reabsorption are three types of what?

A

Capillary exchange

82
Q

Filtration and reabsorption

Pushes fluid out

Draws fluid out

Draws fluid in

Draws fluid out

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure

83
Q

Prevailing force is outward ( filtration)?

A

Arterial end

84
Q

Prevailing force is inward (reabsorption)?

A

Venous end

85
Q

More is filtered out then reabsorbed?

A

Net

86
Q

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue

A

Edema

87
Q

Kidney failure, hypertension, histamines

A

Increased capillary filtration

88
Q

Hypoproteinemia from liver disease, dietary protein deficiency, severe burns

A

Reduced capillary reabsorption

89
Q

Surgical removal of nodes

A

Obstructed lymphatic drainage

90
Q

Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the bodies needs?

A

Circulatory shock

91
Q

Inadequate pumping of the heart?

A

Cardiogenic shock

92
Q

Loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns or dehydration?

A

Hypovolemic shock

93
Q

Tumor, etc. compresses a vein and impedes it’s bloodflow?

A

Obstructed venous return shock

94
Q

Too much blood accumulates in the lower body?

A

Venous pooling shock

95
Q

Sudden loss of vasomotor tone?

A

Neurogenic shock

96
Q

Bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

A

Septic shock

97
Q

Ag-Ab Complexes trigger release of histamine

A

Anaphylactic shock

98
Q

Brief episodes of cerebral ischemia which may result from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries?

A

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

99
Q

Sudden-death of brain tissue caused by ischemia?

A

Stroke

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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