Prefinal - Meeting Nutritional Needs Flashcards
___ is the process by which the body metabolizes and utilizes nutrients.
Nutrition
___ is the science of food and nutrients and it includes the process of utilizing it by humans.
Nutrition
___ are classified as energy nutrients, organic nutrients, and inorganic nutrients.
Nutrients
___ are defined as the constituents of food, which perform important functions in our body.
Nutrients
If these nutrients are not present in our body in sufficient amounts, the result is ill health. Important nutrients include ___
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals & water.
Energy nutrients release energy for the maintenance of ___.
homeostasis
The energy nutrients are carbohydrates, protein, and fats, with carbohydrates being the most important source. The body can use protein and fats for energy when carbohydrates have been depleted.
___ nutrients build and maintain body tissues and regulate body processes.
Organic
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
___ nutrients provide a medium for chemical reactions, transporting materials, maintaining body temperature, promoting bone formation, and conducting nerve impulses.
Inorganic
___ nutrients are distinguished as being stored in the body. These nutrients are iron, calcium, and phosphate.
Inorganic
IMPORTANCE-
Supplies nutrients for energy. Energy nutrients include carbohydrates, fats,& proteins.
Supplies nutrients to build & maintain body tissues. Food supplies heat & energy for work & play.
Food supplies materials for regulation or control of body process & protection of the body.
It gives a feeling of security.
FACTOR AFFECTING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
Physical, and mental fatigue.
Hurry, worry & fear.
Unpleasant environment & experiences.
Lack of exercise.
Irregular meals.
Long spacing of meal timings.
Hospitalization.
Physiological factors
Social factors
it is the measurement of body height, weight, length & head circumference.
Anthropometry measurement
Clinical Methods Of Assessing Nutritional Status- clinical methods of assessing nutritional status involve checking signs of deficiency at specific places on the body or asking the patient whether they have any symptoms that might suggest nutrient deficiency including.
is measured at the back of the left arm, midway between the acromial process of the scapula and the olecranon process of the ulna.
The triceps skinfold
For adults, the standard normal values for triceps skinfolds are 2.5mm (men) or about 20% fat; and 18.0mm (women) or about 30% fat.
Signs of poor nutrition
Hair: thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily.
Skin: excessive bruising, bleeding, pressure sores, poor wound healing.
Muscles wasting, lack of growth
Skeletal: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fracture
Mental: confusion, motor weakness
Dietary history
24-hour recall method
Anthropometric measurements
- Height and weight
Food frequency questionnaire - BMI: 18.5-24.5
Food diary
Household food consumption
- Body composition
Triceps skin fold measurement
Mid-arm circumference
Pale palm & conjunctiva or gets tired easily, loss of appetite indicates anemia, deficiency of iron, folic, etc.
( whitish patchy triangular lesions on the side of the eyes) indicates vitamin A deficiency.
Bitot’s spot
(swelling on the front of the neck) indicates iodine deficiency disorder.
Goiter
indicates protein deficiency.
PEM (PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION)
can be used to detect the deficiency by analyzing blood, urine, and stool. For eg. the Estimation of hemoglobin in blood to detect iron deficiency.
BIOCHEMICAL TEST-
Diet in disease must be planned as part of the complete care of the patient. Many
modifications may have to be made according to the disease and condition of the patient.
THERAPEUTIC DIET
OBJECTIVE- of Therapeutic Diet
* To improve the general health
* To promote healing
* To prevent dehydration
To facilitate tissue repair & growth.
PRINCIPALS-
The diet must be planned according to the habits of the patient based on culture, religion, socioeconomic status, and personal preference.
As far as possible, changes in the diet should be brought gradually and adequate explanations should be given for the changes made, if any.
Whatever diet is prescribed, there should be a variety of selection
it is a regular well-balanced diet. It’s vegetarian or nonvegetarian, this is for patients who do not have any special modification.
FULL DIET
it is given to provide light and easily digestible food.
SOFT DIET
a bland diet consisting of foods that are generally soft low in dietary fiber, cooked & not spicy, the food is easily digestible, free from substances that might cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and used mainly for patients with gastrointestinal problems.
BLAND DIET
This carbohydrate-controlled diet will help you keep your blood sugars as stable as possible. Whether you have Type 1 or Type II Diabetes Mellitus, eating too many carbohydrates can cause your blood sugars to rise too high.
DIABETIC DIET
An acronym for “Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension.” This diet helps lower blood pressure by reducing sodium intake and increasing vitamins and minerals.
DASH DIET
This diet is very low in carbohydrates, which forces the body to turn to another source of energy. Ketosis occurs when the body breaks down stored fat into ketone bodies to use as fuel.
KETOGENIC DIET
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and some oats. Eating gluten-containing foods causes inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining, leading to malabsorption and poor health.
GLUTEN-FREE DIET
High levels of nutrients in the body can cause toxicity if not filtered out the right way. Because of this, nutrients like protein, potassium, and phosphorus need to be closely monitored through dietary changes for kidney disease.
RENAL DIET
Living with either a food allergy or food intolerance takes some meal planning to ensure you are still getting adequate nutrition through other foods you are eating.
FOOD ALLERGY DIET
This diet helps to determine the cause of digestive problems like irritable bowel syndrome and small bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
LOW FODMAP DIET
Food rich in fiber helps with digestion and prevents diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, and colon cancer.
HIGH-FIBER DIET
Means “within or by means of the gastrointestinal tract.”
Oral
Tube feedings
- Enteral
Uses the veins
Persons with inadequate GI function
Parenteral
The delivery of nutrients by
tube into the gastrointestinal tract, commonly known as tube feeding.
- Enteral nutrition:
The delivery of nutrients by vein.
- Parenteral Nutrition: Parenteral nutrition:
Type of tube feeding:
Blended (blended regular food,)
Elemental(low residue diet, lactose free, ready to absorb)
Nonelemental ( low residue with fiber, may contain lactose)
Specific nutrient modular( supply single nutrients, good for diet manipulation
Disease-specific formula (those who have problems in metabolism or oral esophagus)
(blended regular food,)
Blended
(low residue diet, lactose free, ready to absorb)
Elemental
( low residue with fiber, may contain lactose)
Nonelemental
( supply single nutrients, good for diet manipulation
Specific nutrient modular
(those who have problems in metabolism or oral esophagus)
Disease-specific formula
Gastrointestinal intubation deals with the insertion of a rubber or plastic tube into the stomach, duodenum, or small intestine.
Nasogastric tube
Types of Tubes
- Short tubes: passed through the nose into the stomach
- Medium Tubes: tubes are passed through the nose to the duodenum and the jejunum. Used for feeding
- Long tubes: passed through the nose, through the esophagus and stomach into the intestines. Used for decompression of the intestines
passed through the nose into the stomach
- Short tubes:
tubes are passed through the nose to the duodenum and the jejunum. Used for feeding
- Medium Tubes:
passed through the nose, through the esophagus and stomach into the intestines. Used for decompression of the intestines
- Long tubes:
Indications for GI Intubation
- To decompress the stomach and remove gas and liquids
- To lavage the stomach and remove ingested toxins
- To administer medications and feeds
- As part of the management of an obstruction
- As part of the management of hematemesis
- To aspirate gastric contents for analysis
Complications
Clogged/Blocked Tube- most common
Dumping Syndrome: solution with high osmolality- water moves into the stomach and intestines from the fluid surrounding the organs and vascular system causing dehydration, hypotension, and tachycardia
Aspiration: ensure the head of the bed is elevated at least 30 degrees while feeds are being administered
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
A Gastrostomy Tube (G-tube) is either a tube or button (skin-level device) placed into the stomach through the abdominal (belly) wall. PEG feeding tubes are increasingly used for long-term Enteral nutrition.
