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Medical Lab Assistant > Pre-Analytics - 2nd Semester > Flashcards

Pre-Analytics - 2nd Semester Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 groups microorganisms are grouped into

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites

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2
Q

Name 2 things bacteria do for humans that ISN’T harmful

A
  • Provide us with vitamin K
  • Assist our digestive system
  • Protect our body surface from colonizing
    pathogens
  • Part of vaccines
  • Part of certain food processing
  • Nitrogen fixation assists soil fertility
  • Decompose organisms
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3
Q

What is the basic shape of Cocci (Coccus)?

A

Spherical

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4
Q

What is the basic shape of Bacilli (Bacillus)?

A

Rod-Shaped

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5
Q

What is the basic shape of Spirilla (Spirillum/Helical)?

A

Spiral Shaped

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6
Q

What are the 3 major nutritional needs for bacterial growth?

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Energy (ATP)

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7
Q

What temperatures are cultures routinely grown at?

A

35°-42°c

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8
Q

What are anaerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

What are aerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

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10
Q

What are capnophilic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that grow better with a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere

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11
Q

An infection is dependant on what outcomes?

A

Size - of the infecting dose
Site - of infection
Virulence - of organism
Speed & Effectiveness - of immune response
Accurate ID, Timeliness and Treatment

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12
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

Parasite that lives on external surfaces

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13
Q

What is fluid from the joint called?

A

Synovial Fluid

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14
Q

What is Amniotic Fluid?

A

Fluid tested for chromosomal abnormalities

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15
Q

What is a Parasitic Intestinal Helminth?

A

A roundworm

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16
Q

What type of plate differentiates based on HEMOLYSIS?

A

BAP

Blood Agar Plate

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17
Q

What is Peptidoglycan?

A

It provides structure to bacterial cell walls

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18
Q

Bacteria are treated with?

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

What is the difference between Bactericidal antibiotics and Bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

Bactericidal KILLS bacteria out right by directly attacking the cell and injuring it.

Bacteriostatic STARVES the cell of nutrients, stopping it from dividing and attacking while letting the immune system attack the bacteria

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20
Q

What colour is Gram positive?

A

Purple

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21
Q

What colour is Gram negative?

A

Pink

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22
Q

What is an indirect specimen?

A

Sample has passed through an area with flora

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23
Q

What is a direct specimen?

A

Sample is collected from normally sterile tissue

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24
Q

Should a plate be refrigerated before inoculation?

A

Yes, to prevent bacteria from growing

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25
Q

What is differential media?

A

contains specific ingredients/chemicals that allow the observers to distinguish between species

Blood agar is a differential medium that distinguishes bacterial species by their ability to break down red blood cells

26
Q

What is this streaking pattern for?

A

Fluid

27
Q

What is this streaking pattern for?

A

Urine

28
Q

What is this streaking pattern called?

A

1/1/1

29
Q

What is this streaking pattern called?

A

5/3/1

30
Q

What is the order of Gram Staining?

A

Primary Stain - Crystal Violet
Mordant - Iodine
Decolorizer - Alcohol/Acetone
Counterstain - Safranin/Basic Fuchsin
Cells on Slide!

31
Q

How does a MAC (MacConkey) agar plate work?

A

It is selective and differentiates by LACTOSE FERMENTATION

selective for gram negative

selectively isolate bacilli usually found in the intestinal tract

32
Q

How does a BLOOD AGAR plate work?

A

It’s non selective and differentiates
by HEMOLYSIS

33
Q

How does a Chocolate AGAR work?

A

It’s non selective and the red blood cells have been lysed to aid in precise organism growth

commonly used to grow respiratory bacteria

34
Q

What is an inoculating loop?

A

A tool used to transfer microbial growth from one site to a plate to introduce contaminants

35
Q

What is required for labeling samples in the lab?

A

 Last name, First name
 Date of Birth
 Accession number
 PHN/MRN number
 Type of specimen

36
Q

How long is an incubation period?

A

24-48 hours

37
Q

What is the KIRBY BAUER disc method?

A

To test the effectiveness of antibiotics on a specific microorganism

If the organism is susceptible to a specific antibiotic, there will be no growth around the disc containing the antibiotic

If the organism is resistant, there will be growth up to the disc

38
Q

What is an E Test?

A

Consists of a predefined gradient of
antibiotic concentrations on a plastic strip to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antibiotics, antifungal agents and antimycobacterial agents

39
Q

What are the 3 different types of sample taking methods?

A

Swab
Blood
Infected Tissue or Fluid

40
Q

What is the difference between sputum and saliva?

A

Sputum is spit up from the lungs and is very thick and sticky

Saliva comes from the mouth and is watery and thin

41
Q

How can we treat a virus?

A

treatments can only help with symptoms while the immune system fights off the virus

VACCINES are the best preventative method

42
Q

How long should you leave the Primary Stain on for?

A

1 minute

Crystal Violet

43
Q

How long should the Mordant stay on for?

A

1 minute

Mordant

44
Q

How long should the Decolorizer stay on for?

A

Just a quick second and rinse right away

Alcohol or Acetone

45
Q

How long does the Counterstain stay on for?

A

1 minute

Safranin or Basic Fuchsin

46
Q

Thick smears are to determine the presence/absence of what?

A

Parasites

47
Q

Qualities of a good thick smear are…

A

About the size of a dime
Print can be read through it

48
Q

A Thin smears purpose is to…

A

separate and count the % of parasitaemia (parasites in the blood)

49
Q

A quick stain takes how long?

A

The whole process is 1 minute

Giemsa or Wright

50
Q

What are 4 main things you need to remember when documenting using lab math?

A

Abbreviation of units
Singular. (mL not mLs)
No Period at the end
Always have a 0 before the . (0.03g)

51
Q

Name 2 advantages to point of care testing

A

Rapid results
small sample needed
faster diagnosis
portable
“simple” to use

52
Q

Name 2 disadvantages to point of care testing

A

quality of results
lack of proficiency
possible errors with integration of data
inappropriate use
maintenance on QC (Quality Control)
costs much higher

53
Q

Pre-analytical errors with point of care include…

A

not wiping away first drop
excessive squeezing
not sanitizing
under or over filling the strip
incorrect patient ID
incorrect manual data entry
forgetting QC

54
Q

Automation ADVANTAGES include…

A

quicker than manual
cheaper b/c performed in bulk volume
higher precision & accuracy
Lab can handle more
tech can multitask

55
Q

Automation DISADVANTAGES include…

A

Equipment can malfunction
technology issues
maintenance

56
Q

Three reagents in a Wright’s stain are…

A

a) Alcohol - Methanol - Fixative
b) Methylene Blue - Basic Dye - stains acidic elements
c) Eosin - Acidic Dye - Stains bases elements

57
Q

How can you tell if a THICK blood smear is too thick?

A

If you can’t read something through it

58
Q

What is the fixative/mordant found in Gram’s stain?

A

Iodine

59
Q

Removal of all pathogenic organisms without killing the spores is…

A

Disinfection

60
Q

Destruction of all organisms is…

A

sterilization

61
Q

A blood agar plate differentiates bacteria based on what?

A

hemolytic properties

Medical Lab Assistant (19 decks)

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