Laboratory Pathophysiology Flashcards
What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?
- Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste
- Blood Pressure
- Coagulation
- Immune Functions
- Body Temp. Regulation
In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?
Blood flow
Drives blood between heart and lungs or body
What is the purpose of Arteries?
to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY
What is the function of Veins?
Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION
What is the purpose of Capillaries?
Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE
Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE
What’s the main component in Plasma?
H2O - Water (92%)
Formed Elements main component is…
99% Erythrocytes
RBC function is…
(Erythrocytes)
transport of gases
produced in bone marrow
WBC function is…
(Leukocytes)
immune function
PLT function is…
(Thrombocytes)
Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.
Possible test associated with the Cardiovascular System include;
PT/PTT
BNP
D Dimer
CBC
Bone Marrow Analysis
Erythropoietin
ECG
Cardiac Biomarkers (Troponin)
Peripheral Smear
What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?
Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food
Production & secretion of digestive chemicals
Absorption of water & nutritional requirements
Biomolecule processing
Waste excretion
The MOUTHs function is…
Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS
contains salivary amylase
The PHARYNX function is…
Swallows/directs the bolus into the esophagus
The ESOPHAGUS function is…
Delivers bolus from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis
What is the FUNCTION of the stomach?
Mechanical & chemical processing of food
Produce gastric juice
Turn food into Chyme
FUNCTION of the liver?
PRODUCE bile
Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs from lymphatic system.
Process biomolecules delivered by capillaries for transport, storage, or use.
Process biomolecule delivered by lymphatic system for transport, storage, or use.
Metabolic regulation
The liver is an accessory organ within the digestive system but a major organ in the body!
Hematological Regulation**
Bilirubin Conjugation!
Detoxification
Drug Metabolism
Plasma Protein Synthesis
Clotting Factor Synthesis
FUNCTION of the Pancreas?
produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum
Pancreatic juice composed of bicarbonate & enzymes (lipase, amylase, nucleases & proteases)
Key FUNCTION of the Gallbladder?
STORE bile
Small intestine key Function?
Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids for absorption
Duodenum Funtion?
Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids
Jejunum and Ileum Function?
Water absorption, chemical absorption of base units of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, & lipids
What’s the Large Intestine Key Functions?
Move digestive food through system via peristalsis
Reabsorption of water and bile salts
Absorption of vitamins/synthesis of vitamins
Bilirubin breakdown product oxidation
Excrete waste products
What are common tests associated with the Digestive System?
Stool Cultures, Fecal Fat,
Cultures,
Lipase,
HDL,
Bilirubin,
Liver Function Test,
Fasting Glucose,
Insulin
What is the FUNCTION of the Endocrine System?
Secrete hormones to regulate body functions
Appetite & Metabolism
Growth & Development
Sexual Function & Reproduction
Heart Rate, Blood Pressure
Sleep & Wake Cycles
Body Temperature
Hypothalamus Function?
Homeostasis regulation & hormone production
Oxytocin, Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
* PRODUCED here but will be secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland
Pituitary Gland Function?
Produces and secretes hormones in the anterior gland,
Stores & secretes hormones in the posterior gland
Pineal Gland Function?
Produce & secrete MELATONIN which causes drowsiness & lower body temperatures
Thyroid Gland Function?
Produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones;
* Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): increase the
basal metabolic rate of body’s cells
* Calcitonin: decrease blood calcium levels by breakdown of bone slowing calcium release
Parathyroid Gland Function?
Produce & secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone: increase blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity (increasing calcium resorption)
Function of Pancreas?
produce, store, and secrete
hormones that regulate glucose levels
Glucagon produced in the alpha cells
Insulin produced in the beta cells
Adrenal Cortex Function?
Produce & secrete cortisol,
aldosterone, & androgens
Adrenal Medulla Function?
Produce & secrete catecholamines
Function of the Ovaries?
Produce estrogen & progesterone
Function of the Testes?
Produce Testosterone
Common tests associated with the Endocrine System?
TSH,
T4,
T3,
PTH,
Estrogen,
Testosterone,
Prolactin,
LH,
FSH
The Skeletal systems function?
◦ Support
◦ Protection
◦ Movement
◦ Storage
◦ Hematopoiesis
What are joints composed of?
Name 2 components.
- Tendons (attached muscle to bone)
- Ligaments (connects two bones)
- Cartilage
- Joint Capsules
- Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)
Common tests associated with Bone or Joint disorders
Calcium,
Uric Acid,
Fluid Analysis,
Phosphorus,
Function of the Muscular System
◦ Movement
◦ Body Position & Posture
◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart)
◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers
◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood
Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body’s posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones
◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection
Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways)
◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract
◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances
A test for the Muscular System?
CK,
Functional Tests,
LDH,
AST,
ALT
Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavities
Pharynx & Larynx
Trachea
Lungs & Alveoli
The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System
Ventilation
Respiration
Acid base balance
Non specific immune defense
Communication
What is the ideal range for pH of Blood?
7.35 – 7.45
Common tests associated with the Respiratory System?
Nasal Swab,
Sputum,
Cultures,
Biopsies,
Blood Gases,
Electrolytes
What are the Anatomical Directions?
The Integumentary System Structures?
◦ Capillaries
◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous
◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors
◦ Skin Cells
The Skin’s Function includes…
- Protection
- Thermoregulation
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Vitamin D Synthesis
What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?
Communication Regulation
Environment Monitoring
Sensory Information Integration
Coordinates of motor responses
What organs and tissues is the Nervous System made up of?
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves and Ganglia
Glial Cells
What is the Key STRUCTURE of the Central Nervous System?
Neurons & neuroglia, fat & water, protected by 3 layers of connective tissue (meninges)
Brain
Spinal Cord
What is the Central Nervous Systems FUNCTION?
Receive and interpret sensory
data
Integrate data
Coordinate motor response
Higher functions
Function of the Peripheral Nervous Systerm?
Communication between CNS
and the body
through 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 26 pairs of spinal nerves
Structure of the Peripheral Nervous System?
neurons & neuroglia creating:
Nerves
Ganglia
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