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Medical Lab Assistant > Laboratory Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Laboratory Pathophysiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste
  • Blood Pressure
  • Coagulation
  • Immune Functions
  • Body Temp. Regulation
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2
Q

In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?

A

Blood flow
Drives blood between heart and lungs or body

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Arteries?

A

to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY

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4
Q

What is the function of Veins?

A

Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION

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5
Q

What is the purpose of Capillaries?

A

Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE

Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE

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6
Q

What’s the main component in Plasma?

A

H2O - Water (92%)

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7
Q

Formed Elements main component is…

A

99% Erythrocytes

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8
Q

RBC function is…
(Erythrocytes)

A

transport of gases

produced in bone marrow

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9
Q

WBC function is…
(Leukocytes)

A

immune function

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10
Q

PLT function is…
(Thrombocytes)

A

Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.

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11
Q

Possible test associated with the Cardiovascular System include;

A

PT/PTT
BNP
D Dimer
CBC
Bone Marrow Analysis
Erythropoietin
ECG
Cardiac Biomarkers (Troponin)
Peripheral Smear

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12
Q

What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?

A

 Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food

 Production & secretion of digestive chemicals

 Absorption of water & nutritional requirements

 Biomolecule processing

 Waste excretion

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13
Q

The MOUTHs function is…

A

Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS

contains salivary amylase

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14
Q

The PHARYNX function is…

A

Swallows/directs the bolus into the esophagus

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15
Q

The ESOPHAGUS function is…

A

Delivers bolus from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis

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16
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the stomach?

A

Mechanical & chemical processing of food

Produce gastric juice
Turn food into Chyme

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17
Q

FUNCTION of the liver?

A

PRODUCE bile

 Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs from lymphatic system.
 Process biomolecules delivered by capillaries for transport, storage, or use.
 Process biomolecule delivered by lymphatic system for transport, storage, or use.
 Metabolic regulation

The liver is an accessory organ within the digestive system but a major organ in the body!
 Hematological Regulation**
 Bilirubin Conjugation!
 Detoxification
 Drug Metabolism
 Plasma Protein Synthesis
 Clotting Factor Synthesis

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18
Q

FUNCTION of the Pancreas?

A

produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum

Pancreatic juice composed of bicarbonate & enzymes (lipase, amylase, nucleases & proteases)

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19
Q

Key FUNCTION of the Gallbladder?

A

STORE bile

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20
Q

Small intestine key Function?

A

Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids for absorption

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21
Q

Duodenum Funtion?

A

Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids

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22
Q

Jejunum and Ileum Function?

A

Water absorption, chemical absorption of base units of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, & lipids

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23
Q

What’s the Large Intestine Key Functions?

A

 Move digestive food through system via peristalsis

 Reabsorption of water and bile salts

 Absorption of vitamins/synthesis of vitamins

 Bilirubin breakdown product oxidation

 Excrete waste products

24
Q

What are common tests associated with the Digestive System?

A

Stool Cultures, Fecal Fat,
Cultures,
Lipase,
HDL,
Bilirubin,
Liver Function Test,
Fasting Glucose,
Insulin

25
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the Endocrine System?

A

 Secrete hormones to regulate body functions

 Appetite & Metabolism

 Growth & Development

 Sexual Function & Reproduction

 Heart Rate, Blood Pressure

 Sleep & Wake Cycles

 Body Temperature

26
Q

Hypothalamus Function?

A

Homeostasis regulation & hormone production

Oxytocin, Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
* PRODUCED here but will be secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland

27
Q

Pituitary Gland Function?

A

Produces and secretes hormones in the anterior gland,

Stores & secretes hormones in the posterior gland

28
Q

Pineal Gland Function?

A

Produce & secrete MELATONIN which causes drowsiness & lower body temperatures

29
Q

Thyroid Gland Function?

A

Produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones;
* Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): increase the
basal metabolic rate of body’s cells
* Calcitonin: decrease blood calcium levels by breakdown of bone slowing calcium release

30
Q

Parathyroid Gland Function?

A

Produce & secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone: increase blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity (increasing calcium resorption)

31
Q

Function of Pancreas?

A

produce, store, and secrete
hormones that regulate glucose levels

Glucagon produced in the alpha cells
Insulin produced in the beta cells

32
Q

Adrenal Cortex Function?

A

Produce & secrete cortisol,
aldosterone, & androgens

33
Q

Adrenal Medulla Function?

A

Produce & secrete catecholamines

34
Q

Function of the Ovaries?

A

Produce estrogen & progesterone

35
Q

Function of the Testes?

A

Produce Testosterone

36
Q

Common tests associated with the Endocrine System?

A

TSH,
T4,
T3,
PTH,
Estrogen,
Testosterone,
Prolactin,
LH,
FSH

37
Q

The Skeletal systems function?

A

◦ Support

◦ Protection

◦ Movement

◦ Storage

◦ Hematopoiesis

38
Q

What are joints composed of?
Name 2 components.

A
  • Tendons (attached muscle to bone)
  • Ligaments (connects two bones)
  • Cartilage
  • Joint Capsules
  • Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)
39
Q

Common tests associated with Bone or Joint disorders

A

Calcium,
Uric Acid,
Fluid Analysis,
Phosphorus,

40
Q

Function of the Muscular System

A

◦ Movement

◦ Body Position & Posture

◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)

41
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart)
◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers
◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood

Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body’s posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones
◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection

Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways)
◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract
◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances

42
Q

A test for the Muscular System?

A

CK,
Functional Tests,
LDH,
AST,
ALT

43
Q

Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System

A

 Nasal cavities

 Pharynx & Larynx

 Trachea

 Lungs & Alveoli

44
Q

The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System

A

 Ventilation

 Respiration

 Acid base balance

 Non specific immune defense

 Communication

45
Q

What is the ideal range for pH of Blood?

A

7.35 – 7.45

46
Q

Common tests associated with the Respiratory System?

A

Nasal Swab,
Sputum,
Cultures,
Biopsies,
Blood Gases,
Electrolytes

47
Q

What are the Anatomical Directions?

A
48
Q

The Integumentary System Structures?

A

◦ Capillaries

◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous

◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors

◦ Skin Cells

49
Q

The Skin’s Function includes…

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensation
  • Excretion
  • Vitamin D Synthesis
50
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?

A

 Communication Regulation

 Environment Monitoring

 Sensory Information Integration

 Coordinates of motor responses

51
Q

What organs and tissues is the Nervous System made up of?

A

 Brain

 Spinal Cord

 Nerves and Ganglia

 Glial Cells

52
Q

What is the Key STRUCTURE of the Central Nervous System?

A

Neurons & neuroglia, fat & water, protected by 3 layers of connective tissue (meninges)
 Brain
 Spinal Cord

53
Q

What is the Central Nervous Systems FUNCTION?

A

 Receive and interpret sensory
data
 Integrate data
 Coordinate motor response
 Higher functions

54
Q

Function of the Peripheral Nervous Systerm?

A

Communication between CNS
and the body

through 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 26 pairs of spinal nerves

55
Q

Structure of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

neurons & neuroglia creating:
 Nerves
 Ganglia

56
Q

An Image to help you study (?)
There is no answer.

A

Medical Lab Assistant (19 decks)

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