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Medical Lab Assistant > Lab and Patho - + Midterm Prep > Flashcards

Lab and Patho - + Midterm Prep Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Mechanical Digestion

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2
Q

What enzyme is produced in the mouth?

A

Amylase (salivary gland)

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3
Q

What does amylase do?

A

breaks down carbs.

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4
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

to bypass the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

The stomach’s function is?

A

store and churn food

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6
Q

What enzymes are in the stomach and what are their functions?

A

pepsin - makes protein chains smaller into amino acids

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) - breaks up food (chemical breakdown), activates enzymes

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7
Q

What is made in the stomach consisting of gastric juices and food?

A

chyme

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8
Q

True or False

Is the function of the duodenum chemical breakdown?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

The pancreatic juice and bile in the duodenum contains what enzymes?

A

Amylase
Protease
Nuclease
Lipase

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10
Q

Amylase breaks down ______ into _____?

A

carbs into glucose

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11
Q

What breaks down protein into amino acids?

A

protease

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12
Q

Nuclease breaks down ______ into _____?

A

DNA/RNA into nucleic acids

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13
Q

What breaks down fats into fatty acids?

A

lipase

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14
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

emulsify fats
(separate fats)

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15
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

absorb water

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16
Q

What is the liver’s function in the digestive system?

A

produce bile to aid in digestion

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17
Q

What is respiration?

A

exchanging of gas

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18
Q

When air is taken in through the lungs it’s called _______

A

inspiration

19
Q

Oxygen replaces Carbon Dioxide in the blood in the ______

A

Lungs

20
Q

What is expelled from the body through expiration?

A

C02
carbon dioxide

21
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce and what is their purpose?

A

ADH - stimulates kidneys to absorb water

Oxytocin - important for uterine contractions

22
Q

Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored and secreted from?

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

23
Q

What Hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH

24
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Gonads to produce gametes

25
Q

LH stimulates what?

A

gonads to make androgens

26
Q

Production of milk in the mammary glands is promoted by what hormone?

A

prolactin

27
Q

TSH stimulates what?

A

Thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T4, T3, Calcitonin)

28
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth?

A

GH
(Growth hormone)

29
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?

A

ACTH

30
Q

What does the Pineal Gland produce and what does it control?

A

Melatonin - controls circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)

31
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce?
What is their function?

A

Produces T4 & T3 - regulates metabolic rate of the body

Calcitonin - decreases calcium in the blood

32
Q

What increases calcium in the blood?

A

The Parathyroid Gland by producing PTH (parathyroid hormone)

33
Q

What cells are produced in the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Alpha Cells INCREASE glucose

Beta Cells DECREASE glucose

34
Q

The Adrenal Glands consist of ______ ______ and ______ _____

A

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

35
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce and what does that control?

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

Fight or flight response

36
Q

Where is cortisol produced and what is it?

A

produced in Adrenal cortex

Is the stress hormone

37
Q

The adrenal cortex produces cortisol and ______

A

aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

38
Q

What are the 2 gonads?

A

Ovaries and Testes

39
Q

What hormones does the Ovary produce and their functions?

A

Progesterone - Uterine lining & maintaining
Estrogen - Uterine lining growth and secondary sex characteristics

40
Q

The zygote produces what hormone to prevent the cycle from starting?

A

HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

41
Q

Testes produce what hormones?

A

Androgen - Testosterone is an androgen

42
Q

What hormone makes sperm cells and controls secondary sex hormones?

A

Testosterone

43
Q

What structure is in more than 1 system and what is its function within those systems?

A

Liver – Lymphatic - Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs
- Digestive - Produce Bile

Pancreas – Endocrine - produce, store, and secrete hormones that regulate glucose levels
- Digestive - produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum

44
Q
A

Medical Lab Assistant (19 decks)

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