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Medical Lab Assistant > Lab and Patho - Final > Flashcards

Lab and Patho - Final Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The penis, vulva, vaginal canal, & clitoris are there to ultimately encourage reproduction
(CHART - No Question)

A
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2
Q

Key Structure of the Ovum

A
  • Oocyte (DNA)
  • Zona Pellucida (inner layer)
  • Corona radiata (outer layer)
  • Produced by oogenesis in the ovaries
  • Maturation begins & pauses while in the womb; reactivates at puberty
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3
Q

Key Structure of Sperm

A
  • Acrosome
  • Head (DNA)
  • Tail (Flagella)
  • Produced by spermatogenesis in
    the seminiferous tubules (testes)
  • Continuously produced by dividing
    stem cells in testes
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4
Q

The function of the Ovaries

A

storage and maturation of oocytes
and reproductive hormones

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5
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

Follicular cells

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6
Q

How is progesterone produced?

A

After ovulation, the follicle ruptures & becomes the corpus luteum and produces progesterone

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7
Q

What structures function is to sweep the ovum into uterine tubes after ovulation?

A

Fimbriae

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8
Q

Where is the site of conception?

A

Uterine tubes

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9
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

To keep bacteria from
entering the uterus

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10
Q

What structures function is the production of sperm and reproductive hormones?

A

Testes

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11
Q

Epididymis function is…

A

the site of sperm mobilization

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12
Q

What structure has the function to store sperm and initiate the ejaculation process?

A

Vas Deferens

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13
Q

What the key function of the mammary glands?

A

Lactation

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14
Q

What lab tests are associated with pregnancy?

A

 hCG, CBC, Blood Typing, Urinalysis, Urine Culture
 Infectious Disease Testing (Syphilis, HIV, Hepatitis etc..)
 Carrier & Genetic Screening

 Glucose/Diabetes Screening (OGTT)
 Group B Strep Screening

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15
Q

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?

A

Conception happens outside the endometrium

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16
Q

What condition is life threatening resulting in Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, & Low Platelets?

A

HELLP Syndrome

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17
Q

What are the key urinary system structures?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureter
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
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18
Q

These functions are a part of what system;
 Regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, & hydration
 Homeostasis of blood pH & maintenance of acid-base balance
 Filtration & conservation of blood products, nutrients, & metabolic waste
 Electrolyte balance
 Regulation of RBC production through production of `erythropoietin

A

Urinary System

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19
Q

Key Functions of the Kidney

A

 Filtration of blood: from renal artery & through the glomerular capillaries

 Urine production: nephrons control absorption and secretion of water, electrolytes, bicarbonate/hydrogen, & wastes

 Production of Renin & Erythropoietin

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20
Q

How are kidneys involved in acid-base balance?

A
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21
Q

What is urine made up of?

A

About 95% water and 5% waste products

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22
Q

Urine production involves excretion and elimination of;

A

 Ammonia - byproduct of breakdown of nitrogen containing
molecules (amino acids)
 Creatinine - from muscle metabolism
 Uric acid - breakdown & recycling of RNA
 Hydrogen - byproduct of cellular metabolism

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23
Q

What disorder is an infection, usually bacteria, of urinary tract including urethra, bladder (cystitis), or kidney (pyelonephritis)?

A

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

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24
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

Hard deposits made of minerals & salts that form inside your kidneys, can get lodged inside the ureter

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25
Q

What are the key structures of the Lymphatic System?

A

 Lymph
 Lymph Vessels & Ducts
 Lymphoid Organs
 Thymus
 Spleen
 Bone Marrow
 Lymph Nodes
 Lymphoid Nodules

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26
Q

Name 1 function of the Lymphatic System.

A

 Lymphocytes - Production, maintenance, & distribution
 One way return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to bloodstream; aids in distribution of hormones, nutrients, & wastes from tissues –> circulation.
 Provide recognition, resistance & immunity to “debris”

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27
Q

What is Lymph similar to?

A

Blood plasma

but with a lower concentration of proteins

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28
Q

What two ducts does the lymphatic vessels direct lymph towards?

A
  • Right Lymphatic Duct
  • Thoracic Duct
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29
Q

What are the Primary Lymphoid Organs?

A

^ Bone Marrow - production of WBC, Site of maturation B lymphocytes

^ Thymus - Site of T Lymphocyte maturation

^ Lymph Nodes - filter debris & pathogen, site of adaptive immune responses

^ Spleen - Mechanical and Biological filtration of blood

^ Lymphoid Nodules - Filter incoming pathogens & debris (inhalation/ingestion)

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30
Q

Tonsillitis is?

A

Chronic inflammation of the tonsils

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31
Q

What is the inability of lymph vessels to return lymph to circulation due to obstruction or vessel disruption?

A

Lymphedema

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32
Q

What is the immune systems function?

A

to attacks irritants, abnormal substances, microorganism, &
other foreign substances

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33
Q

Adaptive immunity is and what cells are involved?

A

Acquired immunity

Lymphocytes (B & T cells)

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34
Q

Innate Immunity involves what cells?

A

Native immunity or Genetic immunity

Phagocytic
- macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

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35
Q

Compare Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A
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36
Q

An allergic reaction is?

A

The immunes system hypersensitivity response to
specific antigens

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37
Q

What disorder do the autoantibodies target synovial membranes triggering chronic inflammation?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

38
Q

Study the tests and what structure they are associated with in the body.

A
39
Q

Specialty tests and why they are special

A
40
Q

What is the difference between MCV, MCHC, MCH?

A

MCV = average size of RBC

MCH = amount of hemoglobin in 1 RBC

MCHC = average weight of hemoglobin in one liter

41
Q

Platelet clumping is a cause of…

A

poor mixing

42
Q

What does -penia mean?

A

low

43
Q

What does -cytosis mean

A

high

44
Q

What tests are associated with Sepsis?

A

PCT
LDH
Lactate

45
Q

Glucose Studies include what tests?

A
  1. Glucose
    a. Random
    b. Fasting
  2. Hemoglobin A1C
  3. Glucose Tolerance Testing
46
Q

What tests are done with a Complete Blood Count?

A

WBC+Diff
RBC
PLT
HGB
HCT
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW

47
Q

Iron Study tests include…

A
  1. Iron + TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)/Transferrin
    (Transport)
  2. Ferritin (storage)
  3. Hemoglobin (active storage)
48
Q

Transfusions include what tests?

A

Group & Screen
XMatch
RHIG eligibility

49
Q

Electrolyte tests include…

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Chloride (Cl-)
  4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Mineral Testing/Extended
Electrolytes
1. Calcium (Ca)
2. Phosphorous (PO4)
3. Magnesium (Mg)

50
Q

Tests associated with inflammation are

A
  1. CRP (ESR in heme)
  2. Procalcitonin (PCT) (Bacterial)

ESR

51
Q

Serum Toxicology tests are

A

ETOH (Ethanol - CNS depression)
ACET (Acetaminophen - liver toxicity)
SALI (Salicylates - decreased platelet aggregation)

52
Q

Tests associated with Urine Toxicology

A

a. Fentanyl (FENT)
b. Oxycodone (Oxy)
c. Morphine (MOP)
d. Marijuana (THC)
e. Methamphetamines
f. Amphetamines (AMP)
g. Benzodiazepines (BENZO)
h. Cocaine
i. Methadone
j. Opiates
k. PCP
l. GHB
m. Barbiturates (Barb)

53
Q

Volatiles tests are

A

methanol
isopropanol
acetone
ethylene glycol

54
Q

Coagulation tests are

A

PT/INR
PTT
FIB
D-Dimer

55
Q

Tests associated with Tumor Marker are

A

CA19-9 (Pancreatic Cancer)
CA125 (Ovarian Cancer)
CA15-3 (Breast Cancer)
CEA (Colorectal Cancer)
AFPS (Testicular, Ovarian, Stomach Cancer)

56
Q

Liver associated tests

A

TBILI
ALP
ALT
AST
TP
GGT
ALB

57
Q

Cardiac tests

A
  1. Troponin (Acute MI)
  2. BNP (Congestive Heart Failure)
  3. LDH
  4. CK (MB)

AST
Lipids

58
Q

Test associated with the Kidney

A

CREA (EGFR)
ALB
UREA (BUN)

59
Q

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring tests include

A
  1. Antibiotics
    a. Gentamycin
    b. Tobramycin
    c. Amikacin
    d. Vancomycin
  2. Anti-Epileptic
    a. Phenytoin
    b. Phenobarbital
    c. Carbamazepine
    d. Valproic Acid
  3. Cardioactive
    a. Digoxin
  4. Mood Stabilizer
    a. Lithium
  5. Immunosuppressants
    a. Cyclosporin
  6. Bronchodilators
    a. Theophylline
60
Q

Lipid panels include

A
  1. Cholesterol
    a. HDL
    b. LDL
  2. Triglycerides
  3. *Lipoprotein Electrophoresis
61
Q

Tests for pancreatic function include

A
  1. Lipase
  2. Amylase
62
Q

Tests for the bone are

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorous
  3. ALP
63
Q

What tests are associated with Hormone Testing?

A
  • Thyroid: TSH, T3, T4
  • Reproductive: HCG, LH, FSH, TEST, EST, PRL
  • Adrenals: CORT (AM, PM, or RDM)
64
Q

Lipid Panel consists of… (3)

A
  1. Cholesterol
    a. HDL
    b. LDL
  2. Triglycerides
  3. *Lipoprotein Electrolytes EDTA
65
Q

Trace Metals

A

Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)

66
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

A protein developed in response to antigen

67
Q

Agglutination is…

A

Clumping of antibody and antigens

68
Q

Antigen is?

A

protein that acts as an identifier

69
Q

What is a Transfusion Reaction?

A

When the patient’s immune system reacts with blood transfused

70
Q

What is Blood Products?

A

Medication made from blood components

71
Q

What is the fixative in Histology?

What is the ratio used to mix (fix:spec)?

A

Formaldehyde

20:1

72
Q

What is the fixative used in Cytology?

What is the ratio used (fix:spec)?

A

Ethanol

1:1

73
Q

What test tubes can be centrifuged within 4 minutes of collection?

A

Sodium Citrate
EDTA - Ammonia
PST
Dark Green (Lith. Hep.)

74
Q

What tubes need to be placed on ice immediately?

A

Ammonia
Lactate
Capillary Blood Gases

75
Q

What lives in the bloodstream for 2-3 days and then moves into tissue, as a macrophage?

A

Monocytes

76
Q

What WBC is the 1st on site, used with bacterial infections and phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

The WBC that is associated with allergies and neoplastic disorders, is

A

Basophils

78
Q

What WBC is used with allergies and parasites?

A

Eosinophil

79
Q

What WBC is used when there is a viral infection and consists of T Cells (Cell-Mediated Destruction) and B Cells (Antibody Production)

A

Lymphocytes

80
Q

Who are the cells that are first on the scene of an injury with a lifespan of 8-12 days?

A

Thrombocytes

81
Q

What blood component is associated with the final stage of clot formation (clot solidification)?

A

Fibrinogen

82
Q

What blood component is associated with osmotic pressure maintenance and molecule binding for transport?

A

Albumin

83
Q

What blood component is associated with immune response?

A

Leukocytes

84
Q

What blood component is molecule binding for transport and used in antibody production?

A

Globulin

85
Q

What blood component is associated with the clot breakdown?

A

Plasmin

86
Q

What blood component is in the initial clotting stages (plugging of vessel)?

A

Platelet

87
Q

What blood component is associated with gas transportation and Bicarbonate CO2 conversion?

A

Erythrocyte

88
Q

Which WBC’s are Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

89
Q

What WBC’s are Arangulytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

90
Q
A

Medical Lab Assistant (19 decks)

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