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Medical Lab Assistant > Basics of ECG > Flashcards

Basics of ECG Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Name the great Vessels.
(5)

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Pulmonary Trunk
  • Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior)
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2
Q

Where does the “lub” sound come from?
S1 sound

A

Atrioventricular Valves

(Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves)

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3
Q

Where is the S2 sound from and what does it sound like?

A

Semilunar Valves. - “dub”

(Pulmonary and Aortic valves)

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4
Q

What is the general size of a heart?

A

Size of ones palm

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5
Q

Baroreceptors are…

A

nerve tissues with specialized sensors

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Pacemaker Cells?

A
  • automaticity
  • excitability
  • conductivity
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7
Q

What do Pacemaker Cells do?

A

~ —Generate impulse—
~ Control the rate & rhythm

~ Do NOT have the ability to contract

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8
Q

Myocardial Cells can…

A

~ —Cause actual contractions—
~ Found in myocardium
~ Contain contractile filaments

~ conduct electrical impulses

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9
Q

Characteristics of a Myocardial Cell are…

A
  • contractility
  • excitability
  • conductivity
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10
Q

What is the onset of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization called?

A

PR Interval

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11
Q

Ventricular depolarization is which complex?

A

QRS Complex

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12
Q

What segment is represented by a flat line ?
(isoelectric line)

A

ST Segment

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13
Q

Ventricular repolarization is shown on an ECG as what wave?

A

T Wave

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14
Q

What is a product from an outside source on an ECG, such as movement called?

A

Artifact

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15
Q

Cardiac Cycle consists of 2 cycles. Name them and how long do they last?

A

Dystole - about 0.52 seconds

Systole - about 0.28 seconds

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16
Q

Ejection Fraction Measures what?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle.

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17
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped out of one of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle called?

A

Stroke Volume

(refers to PER CYCLE)

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18
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected out of the left ventricle in 1 minute referred to as?

A

Cardiac Output

(PER MINUTE)

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19
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

A

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output

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20
Q

Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood?

A

Right side

goes to the lungs

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21
Q

Oxygenated blood sent to the rest of the body is from what side of the heart?

A

Left side

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22
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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23
Q

Which electrolytes crucially affect cardiac function?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium

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24
Q

The ability of a cell to generate its own electrical impulse is…

A

Automaticity

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25
Q

What leads are you looking at for Bundle Branch Blocks?

A

V1 and V6

  • Deep, Wide S Wave
  • Everything looks Wide
  • 2 R Waves
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26
Q

What is unique about the appearance of a Right Bundle Block?

A

They appear like Bunny Ears

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27
Q

If there is no P Wave with bizarre wide complexes, where do you think it’s firing from?

A

Ventricles

28
Q

What is the difference between Unifocal and Multifocal?

A

Unifocal – arising from a single ectopic focus; each PAC is identical.

Multifocal – arising from two or more ectopic foci; multiple P-wave morphologies.

29
Q

If the ST elevations appear tombstone like, what does that mean?

A

Heart attack - infarction

Patient will be symptomatic

29
Q

Which body system controls the heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

30
Q

What is the intrinsic firing rate the SA Node fires at?

A

60-100 bpm

31
Q

The AV Node fires at what rate?

A

40-60 bpm

32
Q

The purkinje fibers fire at what rate?

A

20-40 bpm

33
Q

PR Interval is normally how long?

A

3-5 small boxes
(0.12-0.20 sec)

34
Q

The QRS complex at it’s normal range is how long?

A

2-3 small boxes
(0.08-0.12 sec)

35
Q

What rhythm is most likely to have 3 different P Waves; upright, inverted or absent

A

Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
(WAP)

36
Q

What does Atrial Flutter look like?

A

Flutter wave looks like a sawtooth pattern

37
Q

Which is the only rhythm that is Irregularly Irregular?

No P Waves,
QRS Complexes look similar,

A

Atrial Fibrillation

38
Q

The course of blood flow through the heart and lungs is referred to as ________circulation

A

Pulmonary

39
Q

One cardiac cycle occurs how often?

A

0.8 seconds

40
Q

What is Starling’s Law of the heart referred to as?

A

The rubber band theory

41
Q

Approximately 70ml per beat is referred to as the __________

A

Stroke Volume

42
Q

The sequence of the normal conduction pattern of the heart

A
  1. SA Node
  2. Internodal Pathways
  3. AV Node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Bundle Branches
  6. Purkinje Fibers
43
Q

What is an electrocardiogram used for?

A

Used to evaluate electrical activity in the heart

44
Q

What is Bachmann’s bundle?

A

A specialized group of cardiac fibers

conducting electrical activity activity from the SA node to the left atrium

45
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Veins

46
Q

Oxygenated blood is carried by…

A

Arteries

47
Q

Systole means

A

to contract

48
Q

Dyiastole means

A

to relax

49
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

The period when repolarization is almost complete the cardiac cells can be stimulated

50
Q

The heart wall in a resting state is…

A

Polarization

51
Q

Depolarization is

A

the contracting state

52
Q

Precordial leads are ____ leads and consist of ______

A

Chest Leads

V1-V6

53
Q

The ECG shows a constant prolonged PR interval but DOESN’T DROP A BEAT. What kind of block is it?

A

1st degree heart block

54
Q

What internal device shocks the patient if there is a fatal arrhythmia?

A

ICD
(Implantable cardioverter defibrillators)

55
Q

What internal device generates an electrical impulse when the conduction system fails?

A

Pacemaker

56
Q

What is your sign it’s a Wenckebach rhythm?

2nd degree Mobitz Type 1

A

The PR interval gets longer and longer and eventually drops a beat.

57
Q

If the PR interval is consistent and DROPS A BEAT what kind of block is this?

A

2nd Degree Mobitz Type II

58
Q

Unifocal looks like…
Interpret it

A

HR- 66 bpm
PR – Normal
QRS – Prolonged

59
Q

______ rhythms have inverted P waves, No P waves or a P wave after the QRS complex

A

Junctional

60
Q

These rhythms have a wide and bizarre QRS complex with no P waves

A

Ventricular

61
Q

What is angina?

A

PAIN due to lack of blood flow/oxygen to the heart

-a common symptom of ischemia

62
Q

Lack of blood flow to the heart, usually due to a buildup of plaque is called?

A

Myocardial Ischemia

63
Q

Prolonged lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart is ….

A

Myocardial Infarction
(heart attack)

64
Q
A

Medical Lab Assistant (19 decks)

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