Basics of ECG Flashcards
Name the great Vessels.
(5)
- Aorta
- Pulmonary Arteries
- Pulmonary Veins
- Pulmonary Trunk
- Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior)
Where does the “lub” sound come from?
S1 sound
Atrioventricular Valves
(Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves)
Where is the S2 sound from and what does it sound like?
Semilunar Valves. - “dub”
(Pulmonary and Aortic valves)
What is the general size of a heart?
Size of ones palm
Baroreceptors are…
nerve tissues with specialized sensors
What are the characteristics of Pacemaker Cells?
- automaticity
- excitability
- conductivity
What do Pacemaker Cells do?
~ —Generate impulse—
~ Control the rate & rhythm
~ Do NOT have the ability to contract
Myocardial Cells can…
~ —Cause actual contractions—
~ Found in myocardium
~ Contain contractile filaments
~ conduct electrical impulses
Characteristics of a Myocardial Cell are…
- contractility
- excitability
- conductivity
What is the onset of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization called?
PR Interval
Ventricular depolarization is which complex?
QRS Complex
What segment is represented by a flat line ?
(isoelectric line)
ST Segment
Ventricular repolarization is shown on an ECG as what wave?
T Wave
What is a product from an outside source on an ECG, such as movement called?
Artifact
Cardiac Cycle consists of 2 cycles. Name them and how long do they last?
Dystole - about 0.52 seconds
Systole - about 0.28 seconds
Ejection Fraction Measures what?
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle.
What is the amount of blood pumped out of one of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle called?
Stroke Volume
(refers to PER CYCLE)
What is the amount of blood ejected out of the left ventricle in 1 minute referred to as?
Cardiac Output
(PER MINUTE)
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output
Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood?
Right side
goes to the lungs
Oxygenated blood sent to the rest of the body is from what side of the heart?
Left side
What is the function of the heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
Which electrolytes crucially affect cardiac function?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
The ability of a cell to generate its own electrical impulse is…
Automaticity
What leads are you looking at for Bundle Branch Blocks?
V1 and V6
- Deep, Wide S Wave
- Everything looks Wide
- 2 R Waves
What is unique about the appearance of a Right Bundle Block?
They appear like Bunny Ears
If there is no P Wave with bizarre wide complexes, where do you think it’s firing from?
Ventricles
What is the difference between Unifocal and Multifocal?
Unifocal – arising from a single ectopic focus; each PAC is identical.
Multifocal – arising from two or more ectopic foci; multiple P-wave morphologies.
If the ST elevations appear tombstone like, what does that mean?
Heart attack - infarction
Patient will be symptomatic
Which body system controls the heart rate and blood pressure?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the intrinsic firing rate the SA Node fires at?
60-100 bpm
The AV Node fires at what rate?
40-60 bpm
The purkinje fibers fire at what rate?
20-40 bpm
PR Interval is normally how long?
3-5 small boxes
(0.12-0.20 sec)
The QRS complex at it’s normal range is how long?
2-3 small boxes
(0.08-0.12 sec)
What rhythm is most likely to have 3 different P Waves; upright, inverted or absent
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
(WAP)
What does Atrial Flutter look like?
Flutter wave looks like a sawtooth pattern
Which is the only rhythm that is Irregularly Irregular?
No P Waves,
QRS Complexes look similar,
Atrial Fibrillation
The course of blood flow through the heart and lungs is referred to as ________circulation
Pulmonary
One cardiac cycle occurs how often?
0.8 seconds
What is Starling’s Law of the heart referred to as?
The rubber band theory
Approximately 70ml per beat is referred to as the __________
Stroke Volume
The sequence of the normal conduction pattern of the heart
- SA Node
- Internodal Pathways
- AV Node
- Bundle of His
- Bundle Branches
- Purkinje Fibers
What is an electrocardiogram used for?
Used to evaluate electrical activity in the heart
What is Bachmann’s bundle?
A specialized group of cardiac fibers
conducting electrical activity activity from the SA node to the left atrium
What carries deoxygenated blood?
Veins
Oxygenated blood is carried by…
Arteries
Systole means
to contract
Dyiastole means
to relax
What is the relative refractory period?
The period when repolarization is almost complete the cardiac cells can be stimulated
The heart wall in a resting state is…
Polarization
Depolarization is
the contracting state
Precordial leads are ____ leads and consist of ______
Chest Leads
V1-V6
The ECG shows a constant prolonged PR interval but DOESN’T DROP A BEAT. What kind of block is it?
1st degree heart block
What internal device shocks the patient if there is a fatal arrhythmia?
ICD
(Implantable cardioverter defibrillators)
What internal device generates an electrical impulse when the conduction system fails?
Pacemaker
What is your sign it’s a Wenckebach rhythm?
2nd degree Mobitz Type 1
The PR interval gets longer and longer and eventually drops a beat.
If the PR interval is consistent and DROPS A BEAT what kind of block is this?
2nd Degree Mobitz Type II
Unifocal looks like…
Interpret it
HR- 66 bpm
PR – Normal
QRS – Prolonged
______ rhythms have inverted P waves, No P waves or a P wave after the QRS complex
Junctional
These rhythms have a wide and bizarre QRS complex with no P waves
Ventricular
What is angina?
PAIN due to lack of blood flow/oxygen to the heart
-a common symptom of ischemia
Lack of blood flow to the heart, usually due to a buildup of plaque is called?
Myocardial Ischemia
Prolonged lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart is ….
Myocardial Infarction
(heart attack)
