Practice Questions Test 2 (Deck 6) Flashcards
The formation of collagen rich fibrous connective tissue
“scirrhous carcinomas”
stony hard consistency
Desmoplasia
Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, and Dysplasia
are all categorized as
Pre-Neoplastic Changes
T/F
Hypertrophy can lead to neoplasia
FALSE
Hypertrophy CANNOT, HyperPLASIA can
What is it called when the
entire thickness of the epithelium is replaced by dysplastic cells?
Carcinoma in-situ
A reversible pre-neoplastic change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another less specialized cell type
Metaplasia
The pre-neoplastic condition in which
epithelium changes to squamous epithelium
due to chronic irritation or vit A deficiency
Metaplasia
A teratoma is what type of tumor?
Mixed tumor
A nephroblastoma is a unique tumor reported in young dogs, mostly *German Shepherds. *
How is it classified?
Mixed Tumor
Another name for Wilm’s tumor
Nephroblastoma
An undifferentiated malignant neoplasm is called
Anaplasia
T/F:
Anaplasia arise from multipotent stem cells
FALSE
Anaplasia arise from totipotent stem cells
Name a **pleomorphic muscle cell anaplasia **
Rhabdomyosarcoma
**Genomic instability **is a hallmark of what?
malignant transformation
Non-lethal genetic damage is related to _________
carcinogenesis
The most important hallmark of malignancy is
METASTASIS!
What is the first step of the metastatic cascade?
Loss of cadherin and catenin function
**Tumor heterogeneity **is generated during tumor growth by the
*progressive accumulation of *_____ ______
heritable changes
How do
pleomorphic pancreatic carcinoma
and
metastatic mammary carcinoma
spread?
trancoelmic spreading
In gastric carcinoma, invasive carcinmatous cells have the ability to induce prominent _______
desmoplasia
What is used to stain
invasive carcinoma cells originating from surface gastric epithelium?
Alcian blue
What is the difference between an
allograft and a xenograft?
Allograft is from the same species
Xenograft is from a different species
heritable changes in gene expression of somatic cells
resulting in a change from something other than a DNA sequence change is called
Epigenetic changes
What are the two most common Epigenetic changes?
DNA methylation
Histone modification
A cell with irreversible genetic damage is called
initiated cell
When an initiated cell is in the presence of a promoter,
the result is the formation of what?
Preneoplastic lesion
or
Benign tumor
T/F:
Tumors are multiclonal
FALSE!
Tumors are MONOclonal
What is the MOST IMPORTANT
growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor gene?
P53!!
aka “guardian of the genome”
or
“molecular policeman”
If p53 has activated p21 or GADD45
has damage to DNA been repaired?
YES
The result of activation of
p21 and GADD45
is DNA repair
If p53 has activated BAX gene,
has DNA been repaired?
NO
If the BAX gene is activated,
DNA has not been repaired, and the cell will undergo
apoptosis
T/F:
There is an increased incidence of cancer in the immunosuppressed
TRUE
CTLs are responsible for recognizing what?
tumor antigens
What is the
target of immunosurveillance**?
Tumor antigens
TSA and TAA
What is the major
immune defense mechanism
against tumors?
CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES
What is the most
potent activator of macrophages
produced by NK cells and macrophages?
IFN-gamma
T/F:
Humoral immunity is affective against tumors
FALSE!
Humoral immunity is USELESS against tumors
What can cause urinary bladder cancer in cattle?
Ingestion of
BRACKEN FERN
Which two breeds are predisposed to familial cancer?
Cows (Hereford) and Cats (white colored)
are predisposed to
squamous cell carcinoma
In a white cat
squamous cell carcinoma of the ears or nose
is preceded by
actinic (solar) keratosis
T/F:
Benign tumors can cause mortality and morbidity
TRUE
ALL tumors can cause mortality and morbidity
A progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia is called
CACHEXIA
What **6 **substances are involved in the pathogenesis of
cancer cachexia?
- TNF
- IL-1
- IL-6
- IFN-gamma (most potent activator of macrophages)
- Prostaglandins
- PIF
TIIIPP
What is the most frequently seen
paraneoplastic syndrome?
Cachexia
(In 65% of patients with cancer)
What are the
7 paraneoplastic syndromes?
- Cachexia
- Hypercalcemia of malignancy
- Hypoglycemia
- Thrombotic disease
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Nodular dermatofibrosis (German shepherds)
- Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
(CX)(HM)(H)(T)(PN)(ND)(HO)- PCHHHNT
What is the most common **paraneoplastic syndrome due to the production of **
PTHRP?
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
T/F:
Hypercalcemia of skeletal metastases due to osteolysis
is a
paraneoplastic syndrome
FALSE!!!
ONLY Hypercalcemia of malignancy is paraneoplastic
In dogs, hypercalcemia of malignancy is primarily associated with
what two cancers?
Apocrine gland carcinomas of the anal sacs
and
Lymphosarcomas
Other than hypercalcemia of malignancy
what other disorders can cause persistent hypercalcemia?
- Hyperparathyroidism*
- Renal Failure*
- Hypoadrenocorticism*
- Hypervitaminosis D*
HyperPD and Hypoadreno + RF
This paraneoplastic syndrome is characterized by
periosteal bone proliferation
and is associated with the
space-occupying lesions in the lungs
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Marie’s Disease
is another name for what
paraneoplastic syndrome?
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Which paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with
german shepherds
and is an autosomal dominant trait
causing benign cutaneous lesions?
Nodular dermatofibrosis
Nodular dermatofibrosis
is often found in german shepherds and is associated with
what underlying condition**?
Underlying bilateral renal disease
most commonly
Cystadenocarcinomas
The antagonist of estrogen receptors used in therapy of breast cancer is called
Tamoxifen
T/F:
Receptor + breast cancers have a bad prognosis as compared to receptor – breast cancers
FALSE
Receptor PLUS have a more POSITIVE PROGNOSIS
and better susceptibility to anti-estrogen therapy
Evaluation of the *degree of differentiation *of a tumor
classified as 1 - 4 with increasing anaplasia
GRADING
Evaluation based on the size of the primary tumor and
extent of the spread to regional lymph nodes
STAGING
Which is more clinically useful:
Grading or Staging?
STAGING
The TNM system is part of which evaluation technique of tumors?
STAGING