Practice Questions Test 2 (Deck 6)

Question 1

The formation of collagen rich fibrous connective tissue

“scirrhous carcinomas”

stony hard consistency

Answer 1

Desmoplasia

Question 2

Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, and Dysplasia

are all categorized as

Answer 2

Pre-Neoplastic Changes

Question 3

T/F

Hypertrophy can lead to neoplasia

Answer 3

FALSE

Hypertrophy CANNOT, HyperPLASIA can

Question 4

What is it called when the

entire thickness of the epithelium is replaced by dysplastic cells?

Answer 4

Carcinoma in-situ

Question 5

A reversible pre-neoplastic change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another less specialized cell type

Answer 5

Metaplasia

Question 6

The pre-neoplastic condition in which

epithelium changes to squamous epithelium

due to chronic irritation or vit A deficiency

Answer 6

Metaplasia

Question 7

A teratoma is what type of tumor?

Answer 7

Mixed tumor

Question 8

A nephroblastoma is a unique tumor reported in young dogs, mostly *German Shepherds. *

How is it classified?

Answer 8

Mixed Tumor

Question 9

Another name for Wilm’s tumor

Answer 9

Nephroblastoma

Question 10

An undifferentiated malignant neoplasm is called

Answer 10

Anaplasia

Question 11

T/F:

Anaplasia arise from multipotent stem cells

Answer 11

FALSE

Anaplasia arise from totipotent stem cells

Question 12

Name a **pleomorphic muscle cell anaplasia **

Answer 12

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 13

**Genomic instability **is a hallmark of what?

Answer 13

malignant transformation

Question 14

Non-lethal genetic damage is related to _________

Answer 14

carcinogenesis

Question 15

The most important hallmark of malignancy is

Answer 15

METASTASIS!

Question 16

What is the first step of the metastatic cascade?

Answer 16

Loss of cadherin and catenin function

Question 17

**Tumor heterogeneity **is generated during tumor growth by the

*progressive accumulation of *_____ ______

Answer 17

heritable changes

Question 18

How do

pleomorphic pancreatic carcinoma

and

metastatic mammary carcinoma

spread?

Answer 18

trancoelmic spreading

Question 19

In gastric carcinoma, invasive carcinmatous cells have the ability to induce prominent _______

Answer 19

desmoplasia

Question 20

What is used to stain

invasive carcinoma cells originating from surface gastric epithelium?

Answer 20

Alcian blue

Question 21

What is the difference between an

allograft and a xenograft?

Answer 21

Allograft is from the same species

Xenograft is from a different species

Question 22

heritable changes in gene expression of somatic cells

resulting in a change from something other than a DNA sequence change is called

Answer 22

Epigenetic changes

Question 23

What are the two most common Epigenetic changes?

Answer 23

DNA methylation

Histone modification

Question 24

A cell with irreversible genetic damage is called

Answer 24

initiated cell

Question 25

When an **initiated cell** is in the presence of a **promoter**, the result is the formation of what?

Answer 25

**Preneoplastic lesion** **or** **Benign tumor**

Question 26

T/F: Tumors are multiclonal

Answer 26

FALSE! Tumors are **MONOclonal**

Question 27

What is the MOST IMPORTANT *growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor gene*?

Answer 27

**P53!!** aka "guardian of the genome" or "molecular policeman"

Question 28

If **p53** has activated **p21** or **GADD45** has damage to DNA been repaired?

Answer 28

YES The result of activation of **p21 and GADD45** is *DNA repair*

Question 29

If **p53** has activated **BAX** gene, has DNA been repaired?

Answer 29

NO If the **BAX gene** is activated, DNA has not been repaired, and the cell will undergo **apoptosis**

Question 30

T/F: There is an increased incidence of cancer in the immunosuppressed

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

**CTLs** are responsible for recognizing what?

Answer 31

*tumor antigens*

Question 32

What is the *target of immunosurveillance**?*

Answer 32

**Tumor antigens** **TSA and TAA**

Question 33

What is the major **immune defense mechanism** against tumors?

Answer 33

**CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES**

Question 34

What is the most **potent activator of macrophages** produced by NK cells and macrophages?

Answer 34

**IFN-gamma**

Question 35

T/F: Humoral immunity is affective against tumors

Answer 35

FALSE! Humoral immunity is USELESS against tumors

Question 36

What can cause **urinary bladder cancer in cattle**?

Answer 36

Ingestion of ## Footnote **BRACKEN FERN**

Question 37

Which two breeds are predisposed to familial cancer?

Answer 37

Cows (Hereford) and Cats (white colored) are predisposed to **squamous cell carcinoma**

Question 38

In a white cat *squamous cell carcinoma* of the ears or nose is preceded by

Answer 38

**actinic (solar) keratosis**

Question 39

T/F: Benign tumors can cause mortality and morbidity

Answer 39

TRUE *ALL* tumors can cause mortality and morbidity

Question 40

A progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia is called

Answer 40

**CACHEXIA**

Question 41

What **6 **substances are involved in the pathogenesis of **cancer cachexia**?

Answer 41

1. TNF 2. IL-1 3. IL-6 4. IFN-gamma (most potent activator of macrophages) 5. Prostaglandins 6. PIF **TIIIPP**

Question 42

What is the most frequently **seen** paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 42

***Cachexia*** | (In 65% of patients with cancer)

Question 43

What are the **7 paraneoplastic syndromes**?

Answer 43

1. Cachexia 2. Hypercalcemia of malignancy 3. Hypoglycemia 4. Thrombotic disease 5. Peripheral neuropathy 6. Nodular dermatofibrosis (German shepherds) 7. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy ## Footnote **(CX)(HM)(H)(T)(PN)(ND)(HO)- PCHHHNT**

Question 44

What is the most common ***paraneoplastic syndrome due to the production of *** **PTHRP**?

Answer 44

*Hypercalcemia of malignancy*

Question 45

T/F: Hypercalcemia of skeletal metastases due to osteolysis is a *paraneoplastic syndrome*

Answer 45

FALSE!!! ONLY Hypercalcemia of malignancy is paraneoplastic

Question 46

In dogs, *hypercalcemia of malignancy* is primarily associated with what two cancers?

Answer 46

***Apocrine gland carcinomas of the anal sacs*** and ***Lymphosarcomas***

Question 47

Other than *hypercalcemia of malignancy* what other disorders can cause **persistent hypercalcemia**?

Answer 47

* Hyperparathyroidism* * Renal Failure* * Hypoadrenocorticism* * Hypervitaminosis D* **HyperPD** and **Hypo**adreno + **RF**

Question 48

This paraneoplastic syndrome is characterized by **periosteal bone proliferation** and is associated with the **space-occupying lesions in the lungs**

Answer 48

Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy

Question 49

Marie's Disease is another name for what paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 49

Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy

Question 50

Which paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with **german shepherds** and is an *autosomal dominant trait* causing **benign cutaneous lesions**?

Answer 50

Nodular dermatofibrosis

Question 51

Nodular dermatofibrosis is often found in german shepherds and is associated with *what underlying condition**?*

Answer 51

Underlying **bilateral renal disease** ## Footnote **most commonly** **Cystadenocarcinomas**

Question 52

The antagonist of estrogen receptors used in therapy of breast cancer is called

Answer 52

Tamoxifen

Question 53

T/F: Receptor + breast cancers have a bad prognosis as compared to receptor -- breast cancers

Answer 53

FALSE Receptor PLUS have a more POSITIVE PROGNOSIS and better susceptibility to anti-estrogen therapy

Question 54

Evaluation of the *degree of differentiation *of a tumor classified as 1 - 4 with increasing anaplasia

Answer 54

GRADING

Question 55

Evaluation based on the size of the primary tumor and extent of the spread to regional lymph nodes

Answer 55

STAGING

Question 56

Which is more clinically useful: Grading or Staging?

Answer 56

STAGING

Question 57

The **TNM system** is part of which evaluation technique of tumors?

Answer 57

STAGING