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RUSVM Pathology 3rd Semester > Final Exam Degeneration & Necrosis Deck 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam Degeneration & Necrosis Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 pathological processes in a tissue?

A

Degeneration/Necrosis

Inflammation and Repair

Circulatory Disorders

Disturbances of growth (hypoplasia, neoplasms, congenital)

Deposits and Pigmentations (cellular accumulations)

Biochemical dysfunction

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2
Q

What are the 7 categories of etiologies of pathogenic processes?

A

Genetic/inherited

Infectious

Metabolic

Toxicologic

Autoimmune

Idiopathic

Iatrogenic

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3
Q

T/F:

You know an animal DOES NOT have a circulatory disorder when you see the presence of PAPULES and NODULES

A

True

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4
Q

A palpable elevation with clear fluid that is LESS than 1 cm

A

Vesicle

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5
Q

A palpable elevation with clear fluid that is MORE than 1 cm

A

Bulla

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6
Q

What are 4 things that can cause the formation of a

Vesicle or Bulla?

A

Autoimmune Dermatoses

Viral Infections

Chemical Irritants

Burns

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7
Q

Another word for “intercellular edema”

A

Spongiosis

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8
Q

What is “acantholysis”?

A

Disruption of intercellular junctions

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9
Q

What is another word for “INTRAcellular edema”?

A

Hydropic degeneration

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10
Q

The condition of fluid accumulation between cells.

If this becomes severe enough, all cells come apart and vesicles form

A

Spongiosis

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11
Q

T/F

VESICLES are very prone to secondary infections

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What type of exudate would be seen with

Acantholysis

or

“disruption of intercellular junctions”?

A

PUS

An immune mediated process, this will progress to a pustule

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13
Q

In a _______ vesicle, the stratum corneum forms the roof of the vesicle, as in *Impetigo *or Pemphigus Foliaceous

A

subcorneal vesicle

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14
Q

In a ______ vesicle, a portion of the epidermis (stratum spinosum) forms the roof, as in Pemphigus vulgaris

A

suprabasal vesicle

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15
Q

In a ______ vesicle, the entire epidermis separates from the dermis and forms the roof, as in Bullous pemphigoid

A

subepidermal vesicle

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16
Q

A **pustule **is always indicative of this type of reaction

A

INFLAMMATORY

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17
Q

What is the cause of pustules?

A

Leukocyte infiltration

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18
Q

Dried exudate, serum, blood, and scale that is adhered to the skin surface is called

A

CRUST

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19
Q

A palpable solid elevated mass LESS than 1 cm in diameter

like vesicles but with a solid center

A

Papules

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20
Q

What can cause a papule?

A

Infiltration by inflammatory or neoplastic cells

Epidermal hyperplasia

Deposit of mineral like calcium

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21
Q

A palpable solid elevated mass GREATER than 1 cm in diameter is called a

A

Nodule

Deeper than a papule

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22
Q

When papules coalesce, it is called a

A

PLAQUE

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23
Q

A loss of epidermis with exposure of dermis that is secondary to

  • epidermal necrosis*
  • inflammation*
  • infarction*
  • neoplasia*
A

Ulcers

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24
Q

Which is more severe, an ulcer or an erosion?

A

An ULCER is more severe

Ulcers start out as erosions (partial defect in dermis)

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25
Q

An accumulation of loose keratinized cells

caused by

  • Disorders of keratinization*
  • Chronic dermatitis*
A

SCALE

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26
Q

______ is an example of scale, from extra skin from the stratum corneum

A

dandruff

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27
Q

What is an epidermal collarette?

A

A circular rim of scale that occurs secondary

to rupture of a vesicle or papule

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28
Q

Thickening and hardening of the skin caused by

  • chronic inflammation*
  • chronic irritation*
A

Lichenification

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29
Q

T/F

Pigmentation can be a side effect of Lichenification

A

TRUE

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30
Q

What is the difference between a papule and a pustule?

A

A pustule oozes fluid

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31
Q

T/F:

When collecting a skin biopsy you should surgically prep the site, grasp with forceps, and biopsy the center of the lesion

A

FALSE!! DON’T DO ANY OF THIS!

32
Q

Degenerative/Necrotic lesions tend to _______

and become inflammation/repair over time

A

ULCERATE

33
Q

Primary _____ disorders often lead to degeneration/necrosis

A

circulatory

34
Q

A flock of 300 merino ewes and lambs have swelling and erythema of the skin, and have **crust **in poorly wooled areas. Some of the crust has broken off and left ulcers.

The pathological process is likely

epidermal ____________ or

_____________

A

The pathological process is likely epidermal

Degeneration/Necrosis

or

Inflammatory (infectious)

35
Q

A flock of 300 merino ewes and lambs have swelling and erythema of the skin, and have crust in poorly wooled areas. Some of the crust has broken off and left ulcers.

What are your differential diagnoses?

A

Photosensitization

Dermatophilus

Viral Infection: *Blue Tongue, Pox (Orf), *or

Vesicular Disease (FMD, VS)

36
Q

A flock of 300 merino ewes and lambs have swelling and erythema of the skin, and have crust in poorly wooled areas. Some of the crust has broken off and left ulcers.

What can be done to determine the cause?

A

Culture

Cytology

Biopsy

37
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of photosensitization

A

UV light absorbed by photodynamic chemicals in skin →

Free radical damage →

Epidermal necrosis of lightly pigmented or sparsely haired areas

38
Q

**Primary photosensitization (Type 1 Exogenous) **in sheep is caused by

A

Plants containing photosensitive chemicals

like

St. Johns Wort

Lucerne

Perennial Ryegrass

39
Q

Primary Photosensitization (Type II Intrinsic)

in sheep is caused by

A

Porphyria

an inherited deficiency of porphyrinogen III cosynthetase

which leads to a defect in heme synthesis and then a

build-up of porphyrins

40
Q

Secondary Photosensitization (Type III Hepatogenous)

in sheep is caused by

A

poor hepatic clearance of Phylloerythrin

which is a

product of a ruminal chlorophyll transformation

41
Q

In Secondary Photosensitization (Type III Hepatogenous)

which toxins can cause biliary obstruction?

A

Lantadenes (Red Lantan)

Steroidal Saponins (Tribulus, Pancium)

Sporodesmin (Facial Eczema):

Lolium perenne + Pithomyces chartarum → Sporodesmin toxicosis

Pyrolizidine alkaloids

Aflatoxin

Phomopsin

42
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

Any condition in which the flow of bile from the liver stops or slows

43
Q

Ingestion of toxic alkaloids produced by the fungus

Claviceps purpurea

A

Ergot Poisoning

44
Q

A flock of 300 merino ewes and lambs have swelling and erythema of the skin, and have crust in poorly wooled areas. Some of the crust has broken off and left ulcers.

How was Type III Photosensitization ruled out?

A

By doing a serum test and analyzing the levels,

also using clinical signs

45
Q

Wound contraction is a feature of healing by _____ intention

A

second intention

46
Q

Fibrous union is a feature of healing by _____ intention

A

first intention

47
Q

If skin is trying to heal by first intention, in 24 hours, it will have formed a ____

A

scab

48
Q

Chronic (years) of UV light exposure leads to

A

Solar/Actinic Keratosis

49
Q

T/F

You will never see crusts in Solar Injury

A

FALSE

You WILL see crusts in solar injury

50
Q

Acute UV light exposure leads to _______

A

sunburn

51
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a sunburn?

A

Acute UV light exposure → Erythema → Blistering/Vesicles

→ Sloughing of necrotic skin

52
Q

T/F

Cytokine production has a role in the pathogenesis of sunburns

A

TRUE

53
Q

Epidermal hyperplasia

and

Dermal fibrosis and elastosis

caused by UV light exposure is called

A

Solar/Actinic Keratosis

54
Q

In chronic UV light exposure (Solar/Actinic Keratosis)

there is an increased risk for _______

due to direct DNA injury and subsequent mutations

A

Neoplasia

55
Q

In solar dermatitis, when a comedone ruptures and releases its follicular contents causing a foreign body inflammatory response and secondary bacterial infection,

it is called

A

Furunculosis

56
Q

Cutaneous Horns

are indicative of this epidermal pathogenesis

A

Solar/Actinic Keratosis

57
Q

What is a cutaneous horn?

A

Keratoses formed from multiple layers of compacted stratum corneum

58
Q

Solar dermatitis related

infundibular keratinzing acanthoma

is known as

A

Adnexa

59
Q

In solar dermatitis, skin is thickened by this process

A

Acanthosis

60
Q

Injury to the epidermis,

reddened or darkened necrotic epidermis

and

complete healing

are characteristic of ____ degree thermal burns

A

1st degree

61
Q

Damage to the epidermis and dermis

vesicle formation

and

some adnexa being preserved allowing epidermal regeneration with some scarring

is indicative of a ____ degree thermal burn

A

2nd degree

62
Q

When damage to the full thickness of the epidermis and dermis, plus or minus the subcutis, sloughing of necrotic tissue followed by granulation tissue, and scar or life-threatening fluid or protein loss (a portal for sepsis) occurs,

it is indicative of a ____ degree thermal burn

A

3rd degree thermal burn

63
Q

_____ form with thermal 3rd degree burns

A

vesicles

64
Q

What is the main differential when you suspect a chemical burn?

A

Contact hypersensitivity dermatitis

65
Q

A ______ is simply a discolored spot on the skin

A

macule

66
Q

The pathogenesis of

Erythema Multiforme

and

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

is thought to involve Type ____ Hypersensitivity

A

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

67
Q

Erythema Multiforme & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

are induced via ______ ______

and feature widespread coalescing erythematous macules

which eventually turn into vesicles and ulcers

A

antigenic mimicry

68
Q

What is the difference between Erythema Multiforme

and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis?

A
  • Erythema Multiforme* is Milder with single cell apoptosis
  • Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis* is Severe with sheets of apoptotic/necrotic cells
69
Q

What are 4 other names for Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis?

A
  • Diabetic dermatopathy*
  • Hepatocutaneous Syndrome*
  • Necrolytic Migratory Erythema*
  • Metabolic Epidermal Necrosis*
70
Q

T/F

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis is a common disorder in older dogs with Diabetes Mellitus

A

FALSE

it is RARE, but is reported primarily in older dogs with Diabetes mellitus or hepatic dysfunction

71
Q

Long-term anticonvulsant therapy

and

rare ingestion of mycotoxins

precede this rare disease

A

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis

72
Q

T/F

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis is more common in cats than dogs

A

FALSE

it is more common in older dogs and RARE in cats

73
Q

An older dog with Diabetes Mellitus comes in and is exhibiting scales and crusts with ulceration on its mucocutaneous junctions, genitals, ear pinnae, elbows and hock, ventral thorax, and even on its pawpads. Because of these painful ulcers on his pawpads, he is having difficulty walking.

What is your diagnosis?

A

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis

74
Q

What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

75
Q

Dendritic cells (antigen presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa are called

A

Langerhaan’s Cells

76
Q

These cells contain birbeck granules

A

Langerhaan’s Cells

77
Q

Oval receptor cells found in the skin of vertebrates that have synaptic contacts with somatosensory afferents are called

A

Merkel’s Cells

RUSVM Pathology 3rd Semester (12 decks)

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