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RUSVM Pathology 3rd Semester > Final Exam Inflammation & Repair Deck 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Inflammation & Repair Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pathological cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Erythema

Edema

Exudate

Heat

Pain/Itching

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2
Q

T/F

If there are pustules or crust, that means there is an inflammatory component to the lesion

A

TRUE

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3
Q

T/F

Immune mediated inflammatory lesions can cause depigmentation

A

TRUE

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4
Q

T/F

The difference between inflammatory infiltration and neoplasia is that in inflammatory infiltration, you will see papules, plaques, and nodules, but in neoplasia, you won’t.

A

FALSE

You can see these symptoms in BOTH inflammatory infiltration AND neoplasia

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5
Q

T/F

The only kind of pigmentation you will see with Dermatitis is hyperpigmentation

A

FALSE

you can see BOTH hyperpigmentation OR hypopigmentation

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6
Q

Pyoderma is indicative of this type of infection of the skin

A

bacterial infection will produce pus

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7
Q

Another name for

Superficial Pustular Dermatitis

A

Impetigo

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8
Q

Greasy Pig Disease is an example of ________ pyoderma

A

superficial

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9
Q

T/F

Dermatophilosis is pyoderma of the deep dermis

A

FALSE

it is pyoderma of the superficial EPIDERMIS and hair follicles

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10
Q

Bacterial furunculosis and abcesses are examples of pyoderma found in the ______ _______

A

deep dermis

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11
Q

Infections of the skin often involve this bacteria, which produces exfoliative toxins that cause intraepidermal splitting.

What is the exception?

A

Staphylococcus

EXCEPT for dermatophilosis

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12
Q

What is intertrigo?

A

Skin fold pyoderma

Do not get confused with Impetigo, which is superficial pustular dermatitis

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13
Q

What is the MDx for Intertrigo?

A

MDX: Neutrophilic dermatitis

Always think Staphylococcus if you get this MDx

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14
Q

T/F

You should always start treatment with antibiotics before taking a biopsy

A

FALSE!!!

ALWAYS biopsy BEFORE antibiotics!!

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15
Q

The more common term for Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

A

HOT SPOT

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16
Q

You see hairless, slightly raised, well circumscribed lesions and ulcerations with crust on the skin of your dog.

What is this called?

A

HOT SPOT (Pyotraumatic Dermatitis)

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17
Q

You see hairless, slightly raised, well circumscribed lesions and ulcerations with crust on the skin of your dog.

What kind of infection is this?

A

Bacterial infection

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18
Q

You see hairless, slightly raised, well circumscribed lesions and ulcerations with crust on the skin of your dog.

What is the underlying cause?

A

FLEA Allergy Dermatitis

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19
Q

This disease, that can be fatal for neonatal pigs, is also called “Exudative Epidermitis”

A

Greasy Pig Disease

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20
Q

What is the bacterial cause of Greasy Pig Disease or Exudative Epidermitis?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

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21
Q

T/F

Pyoderma is a pathological term

A

FALSE

it is a clinical term, caused by an infection

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22
Q

What is Dermatophilosis caused by?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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23
Q

What condition is associated with “train tracks” morphology?

A

Dermatophilosis

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24
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Dermatophilosis?

A

Wet weather in humid climates- “Rain Rot”

Prolonged wetting of skin/wool/hair allows penetration of epidermis by zoospores

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25
Q

In sheeps, another name for Dermatophilosis caused by

Dermatophilus congolensis

A

LUMPY WOOL

the exudate dries and pulls wool together, then in sloughs off

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26
Q

How do you confirm dermatophytes is the pathogen?

A

Use a wood’s lamp to light it up

or take a fungal culture and make a smear on a slide

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27
Q

T/F

Canine Superficial Spreading Pyoderma is a secondary condition

A

TRUE

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28
Q

If you see Dermatitis AND folliculitis, what is on your DDx?

A

Bacterial pathogen like Staph

or a fungal pathogen like ringworm (dermatophytes)

it could also be demodicosis (mites)

Rule out dermatophytes using a Wood’s lamp

and Mites by doing a smear slide

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29
Q

What is it called when follicular inflammation leads to rupture?

A

Furunculosis

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30
Q

What are two conditions grossly indistinguishable from

Canine Superficial Pyoderma?

Clinical signs include folliculitis, erythematous macules, alopecia, scaling

MDx: Neutrophilic Dermatitis and Folliculitis

A

Demodicosis (Demodex spp. mites)

Dermatophytosis (Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton)

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31
Q

Which species are you most likely to see Demodicosis in?

A

Dog (young)

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32
Q

If you see an adult dog with Demodicosis, what should you be worried about?

A

A systemic disease like Neoplasia or

  • Endocrinopathy *or
  • Immunosuppressive therapy*
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33
Q

What is the site of colonization of *Epidermophyton, Microsporum, *and Trichophyton,

agents that cause Dermatophytosis?

A

Keratin!!

Immunosuppressed animals are predisposed

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34
Q

T/F

*Demodicosis *is zoonotic

A

FALSE

*Dermatophytosis *IS zoonotic, not Demodicosis

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35
Q

What are predisposing factors for Dermatophytosis?

A

Young animals

Immunosuppressed animals

Hot/humid environments

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36
Q

What stains are used histologically for fungus?

A

GMS stains

Dermatophytes may have a granulomatous response

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37
Q

A 5-year-old dog has acutely developed some nasty skin lesions

You see crusting and ulcerations around the eyes and nose

and erythema with pustules and more crusting around the paw pads.

What is your MDx?

A

MDx:

Exudative Dermatitis

or

Pustular Dermatitis

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38
Q

A 5-year-old dog has acutely developed some nasty skin lesions

You see crusting and ulcerations around the eyes and nose

and erythema with pustules and more crusting around the paw pads.

What is your suspected EDx? How do you confirm?

A

EDx suspected:

Bacterial Dermatitis

Do a cytology on pustules and crust. Biopsy during the acute phases, not months later

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39
Q

A 5-year-old dog has acutely developed some nasty skin lesions

  • You see crusting and ulcerations around the eyes and nose*
  • and erythema with pustules and more crusting around the paw pads.*

After histology, the following results are given:

There is leukocyte infiltration of the epidermis

No mites or fungus is seen on skin scraping

No fluorescence seen with Wood’s Lamp

No fungal growth seen in culture

The pustules have eosinophils and some bacteria, but NOT in the cytoplasm of leukocytes

There are few neutrophils

Keratinocytes have lost connection to eachother

WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS?

A

Pemphigus folliaceous

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40
Q

A group of autoimmune diseases involving type II hypersensitivity against cell adhesion proteins (desmosomes)

A

Pemphigus

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41
Q

The most common and milder form of pemphigus reported in horses, dogs, cats, and goats

and often involves

face, ears, footpads and clawbeds

with **vesicles, pustules, crusts, **and ulcers

A

Pemphigus folliaceous

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42
Q

*Pemphigus folliaceous *can be

spontaneous, drug-induced, or associated with ________

skin disease

A

allergic

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43
Q

Cross reaction with the _______ that are holding the skin together is the most common immune-mediated response of dermatological *Pemphigus Folliaceous *skin disease in dogs

A

desmosomes

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44
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see suppurative/pustular/exudative/neutrophilic

lesions

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

Bacterial or Autoimmunity

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45
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see proliferative lesions

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

Viral pathogen

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46
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see vesicular lesions

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

Viral or Autoimmunity

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47
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see granulomatous lesions

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

“Higher” bacteria

Mycobacteria

Fungus

or

Foreign substance

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48
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see eosinophilic lesions

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

Allergy

or

Parasite

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49
Q

In inflammation and repair:

If you see interface

What is your best guess at the pathological process?

A

Autoimmunity

50
Q

Piglets in a zoo display come down with skin lesions.

You see a raised, slightly encysted area with multiple papules.

What is your MDx?

A

Papular dermatitis

51
Q

Piglets in a zoo display come down with skin lesions.

You see a raised, slightly encysted area with multiple papules.

But something is being “added” to the epidermis, so this is most likely a disturbance of growth, or inflammatory.

What is your DDx?

A

Not mineral deposit, because it is not white.

Grossly, it looks like a papule

So you gotta think Viral pathogen

52
Q

Piglets in a zoo display come down with skin lesions.

You see a raised, slightly encysted area with multiple papules.

No mites or fungus seen on skin scraping

Cytology reports a few lymphocytes and some keratin

Culture of the crust shows *Staph *spp.

Histopathology shows Proliferative Dermatitis with “ballooning degeneration” and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The cytoplasm compartment is clear

What is your diagnosis?!

A

SWINE-POX is the cause!!

53
Q

The following is pathognomic for a virus in pigs. Which virus is it?

Proliferative dermatitis with “ballooning degeneration”

and

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

A

Swine-Pox Virus

54
Q

What do pox virus lesions look like?

A

Papules with necrotic or depressed centers

“umbilicated depressed center”

55
Q

What is the sequence of lesions for a poxvirus infection?

A

Macule→Papule→Vesicle→Umbilicated pustule→Crust→Scar

56
Q

Poxviruses have a gene that is similar to epidermal growth factor

which causes ________ _________

A

epidermal hyperplasia

57
Q

In a lamb, you see vesicles and papules early on, and then later see crusts and scabs on the mouth.

Your MDx is Papular vesicular dermatitis/chelitis

and epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis), ballooning degeneration, and vesicles with neutrophilic infiltration which results in pustules.

What is your diagnosis?

A

Contagious ecthyma

caused by a

poxvirus

58
Q

T/F:

Contagious ecthyma is zoonotic

A

TRUE

see painful, umbilicated papules on hands mostly in humans

59
Q

You are seeing some

*lameness, ptyalism, *and anorexia in some backyard livestock

When you open the mouth of your sheep, you see hard vesicles

In between the toes, you see vesicles, but mostly ulcers

What is your MDx?

A

Vesicular Ulcerative Dermatitis and Stomatitis

and

Pododermatitis on the feet

60
Q

You are seeing some

lameness, ptyalism, and anorexia in some backyard livestock

When you open the mouth of your cow, you see hard vesicles

In between the toes, you see vesicles, but mostly ulcers

Histopathology shows something damaging keratinocytes

so know the process is degeneration/necrosis or inflammatory

What is your diagnosis?

A

**Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) **in cows

61
Q

NEVER FORGET ________ when you see Vesicles

A

VIRUSES!

62
Q

Vesicular dermatitis is caused by _______ virus

A

HERPESvirus

63
Q

T/F:

Herpesvirus can cause cutaneous vesicles

A

TRUE

64
Q

What viruses can cause vesicles?

A
  • Herpes*
  • Poxvirus*
  • Foot and Mouth Disease*
  • Vesicular Stomatitis Virus*
  • Swine Vesicular Disease*
  • Vesicular Exanthema of Swine*

FMD, VSV, SVD, VES, H, P

65
Q

Feline Herpesvirus 1 causes

this MDx

which occurs around their eyes, lips, and nose

A

MDx: Pustular vesicular dermatitis/chelitis/rhinitis

66
Q

What are clinical signs seen with

Bovine Herpesvirus 2

A

Ulcerative mammilitis

and

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease (vesiculo-ulcerative dermatitis)

67
Q

What is the predilection site for *BHV-2 (Bovine herpesvirus 2) *?

A

TEATS!

Causing vesicles and ulcerations

68
Q

If something is being added to the epidermis, the pathological process is likely due to what?

A

Disturbance of growth

or

Inflammation

69
Q

What is the LEAST likely cause of

papules, nodules, and plaques

A

Mineral deposition

70
Q

It’s not an abcess if it’s not filled with ____

A

pus

71
Q

What is it called when macrophages have uncontrolled growth and division in Idiopathic Sterile Granuloma and Pyogranuloma Syndrome, a rare disease in dogs?

A

Neoplasia

72
Q

Fungal dermatitis is an infectious granulomatous disease

caused by Pythium and *Lagenidium *spp.

It is also known as this.

A

Swamp Cancer

73
Q

Swamp Cancer, or Fungal Dermatitis resembles this pathogenic process clinically, because of its invasive lesions and involvement of regional lymph nodes

A

Neoplasia

74
Q

What is the MDx for fungal dermatitis, or “Swamp Cancer”?

A

MDx: Granulomatous dermatitis

an infectious granulomatous disease

75
Q

What kind of cells will be seen in lesions of

Granulomatous Dermatitis, caused by Pythium and *Lagenidium *spp. ?

A

Macrophages and a rim of lymphocytes

Fungal hyphae seen in necrotic regions

76
Q

In Actinomycete Mycetomas,

*Nocardia *or *Actinomyces *spp. of bacteria

is introduced via

A

traumatic injury

77
Q

Large clumps seen in Actinomycete Mycetomas

are grossly evident as ________ ________

A

sulfur granules

78
Q

These bacteria cause persistent lesions that can eat away at underlying bone, and are introduced into the host via traumatic injury

A

Nocardia or *Actinomyces *spp.

which cause pyogranulomatous dermatitis (MDx)

79
Q

Feline Leprosy is also known as

A

Mycobacterial Dermatitis

80
Q

Feline Leprosy, or Mycobacterial Dermatitis is caused by

this bacteria, an obligate intracellular organism

A

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

81
Q

What are the predisposing factors for a cat with Mycobacterial Dermatitis (Feline Leprosy)?

A

Cats in cold, wet areas

FIV or other underlying viral infections

Debilitation

82
Q

How is the MDx for Actinomycete Mycetomas different from the MDX for Mycobacterial Dermatitis?

A

Actinomycete Mycetomas: MDx- pyogranulomatous dermatitis

Mycobacterial Dermatitis: MDx: granulomatous dermatitis

83
Q

Another name for Mycobacterial Dermatitis (Feline Leprosy) is

A

Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis

84
Q

Mycobacterial Dermatitis of dogs, especially boxers, is also known as this.

A

Canine Leproid Granuloma

85
Q

A boxer with cute floppy ears presents with nodules involving

the dorsal pinna. This is difficult to culture and

ZN stain is needed to see the

acid fast bacilli within macrophages

What is your number 1 DDx?

A

Leproid Granuloma

MDx: Granulomatous Dermatitis

86
Q

Another name for Juvenile Sterile Granulomatous Dermatitis is

A

Puppy Strangles

87
Q

A puppy that is 3 months old presents with pustules and enlarged lymph nodes. After about a week and a half, the same dog has

*alopecia, edema, crusting, *and its lymph nodes are even larger. It’s face and ears along with mucocutaneous junctions are all very swollen.

What is your diagnosis?

A

Puppy Strangles

(Juvenile Sterile Granulomatous Dermatitis)

88
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Puppy Strangles (Juvenile Sterile Granulomatous Dermatitis)?

A

Pustules–> Pyogranulomas–> Granulomas –> Lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes)

Will also have “pyelosteopathy”

89
Q

What is your MDx for Puppy Strangles?

A

MDx: Pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis +/- lymphadenitis

(Fever and joint pain often accompany this)

90
Q

What is your MDx for “Lick Granuloma”, also called “Acral Lick Dermatitis”?

This is NOT actually a Granuloma

A

MDx: Dermal fibrosis and epidermal hyperplasia

91
Q

A dog presents with his front paws having circumscribed lesions, with hair loss in those areas and some ulceration. Upon Histology, epidermal hyperplasia, granulation tissue, and fibrosis

are seen. What is your diagnosis?

A

Acral Lick Dermatitis

aka

“Lick Granuloma”

which is NOT actually a granuloma, only called this because grossly looks raised

92
Q

A 3 years old mixed breed dog is brought in because his constant itching is driving everyone in the family crazy, especially at night.

The dog presents with erythema, alopecia, and scaling and the areas are warm to the touch.

The pathological process is most likely….

A

Inflammatory!

ALLERGY is at the top of the list because of the itching, but you must distinguish this clinically.

93
Q

A 3 years old mixed breed dog is brought in because his constant itching is driving everyone in the family crazy, especially at night.

The dog presents with erythema, alopecia, and scaling and the areas are warm to the touch.

**A skin scraping shows no mites or fungus, and bacterial culture just shows *Staph *spp. **

Histopathology shows *Eosinophilic dermatitis with epidermal hyperplasia *and perivascular leukocyte infiltrate.

WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS?

A

ALLERGIC SKIN DISEASE!!

94
Q

What is your MDx for Allergic Skin Disease?

A

MDx: Eosinophilic Dermatitis with Epidermal Hyperplasia

95
Q

What is the name for areas where the epidermis is thickened?

A

Acanthosis

96
Q

What 4 things can cause Allergic Skin Disease?

A

Atopy

Food Allergy

Contact Hypersensitivity

Insect Bite Hypersensitivity

97
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens

aka

“inhalant allergy”

A

Atopy

98
Q

How is Atopy “inhalant allergy” diagnosed?

A

Intradermal skin test

99
Q

A golden retriever has erythema, alopecia, and erosions in the skin around the eye and muzzle. The lesions are caused by self-trauma from rubbing and scratching as a result of pruritis.

What is the cause of these clinical signs?

A

Atopic Dermatitis

“inhalant allergy”

Looks like demodex because it was around the eyes

100
Q

Contact dermatitis is Type ___ Hypersensitivity

A

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

101
Q

Lesions in allergic skin diseases vary:

Erythema, alopecia, and excoriation are due to

A

Self-inflicted trauma

102
Q

Lesions in allergic skin diseases vary:

**Papules, Pustules, **and Crusts

are lesions due to

A

Secondary Pyoderma

103
Q

Lesions in allergic skin diseases vary:

**Lichenification, Hyperpigmentation, **and Scaling

are lesions due to

A

Chronicity

104
Q

Insect Bite Hypersensitivity is Type __ and/or __ Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1 and/or 4 Hypersensitivity

105
Q

What is the most likely cause of Insect Bite Type 1 or 4 Hypersensitivity in a horse and where would you see the clinical signs?

A

*Culicoides *saliva

Effects seen at **tail base, withers **and head

106
Q

What is the most likely cause of Insect Bite Type 1 or 4 Hypersensitivity in a dog or cat

and where would you see the clinical signs?

A

Flea saliva

**Tail base **for dogs

Neck for cats

107
Q

What is the most likely cause of Insect Bite Type 1 or 4 Hypersensitivity in a cat (not flea)

and where would you see the clinical signs?

A

Mosquito saliva

On the **nose **and face

108
Q

What is the MDx for Insect Bite Hypersensitivity?

A

MDx: Papular/Pustular Dermatitis

109
Q

A dog with flea bite hypersensitivity also commonly has

this secondary self-trauma associated pyoderma

A

Pyotraumatic dermatitis

MDx: Chronic and Exudative Dermatitis

110
Q

**Miliary dermatitis **is not a disease, its just a pattern. Describe the pattern

A

Small erythematous papules

111
Q

Macropapular dermatitis commonly seen in cats

with allergic skin disease

is also known as

A

Miliary Dermatitis

112
Q

T/F

Eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats is a disease that causes ulcers on the upper lips

A

FALSE

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex is NOT a disease, it is just a pattern of lesions

113
Q

What are the 3 ways that Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in cats can present?

A
  1. Indolent Ulcer (upper lip ulcer)
  2. Eosinophilic plaque (discrete red to ulcerated plaques on abdomen or medial thighs bilaterally symmetrical)
  3. Eosinophilic granuloma (nodules on thighs, face, mouth)
114
Q

What is the MDx for Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex?

A

MDx: Eosinophilic Ulcerative Dermatitis/Chelitis

115
Q

What 4 things can cause an Eosinophilic Granuloma?

A

Parasitic reaction

Insect bite hypersensitivity

Foreign body reaction

Underlying mast cell neoplasia

116
Q

Summer sores in a horse (cutaneous habronemiasis)

cause these lesions via larval migration of

Habronema or *Draschia *spp.

deposited into a wound by house or stable flies

A

Cutaneous eosinophilic granulomas

117
Q

What is a very common finding histologically within eosinophilic granulomas?

A

Degenerate collagen fibers (collagenolysis)

118
Q

Discoid Lupus Erythematosis is an _________ disease

A

autoimmune

119
Q

This 2nd most common autoimmune skin disease is induced and exacerbated by UV light

A

Discoid Lupus Erythematosis

120
Q

An Akita presents depigmentation in its nasoplanar area.

Erythema, scaling, erosion, ulceration, and crusting are also seen.

Because the dog has this disease, you will have to

immediately start it on immune suppressive therapy before it

loses its vision!

A

Discoid Lupus Erythematosis

(autoimmune disease)

121
Q

What is pigmentary incontinence?

A

a histopathological lesion in which melanin granules are free

in the dermis and within dermal macrophages;

it is associated with damage to the stratum basale and

basement membrane of theepidermis.

122
Q

What are melanomacrophages?

A

The macrophages that break down free melanin and pigment cells caused by pigmentary incontinence

RUSVM Pathology 3rd Semester (12 decks)

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