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Biology > Practice paper reflection Qs- PROCESSES > Flashcards

Practice paper reflection Qs- PROCESSES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What fluid is found in the tubes responsible for gaseous exchange in insects

A

Trachea fluid

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2
Q

outline reasons why insects and other animals need well developed transport systems

A

-High metabolic rate
-Need large/rapid oxygen supply
-Diffusion no sufficient/distance too far
-(to) maintain steep concentration/diffusion gradient
-SA:V ratio is low
-(named) Metabolites needed by cells / (named) waste removed from cells

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3
Q

formula for area of sphere

A

(4/3) x pi x r^3

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4
Q

is nm or μm smaller

A

nm

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5
Q

6mm into μm

A

6000μm

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6
Q

8mm in nm

A

8,000,000 or 8x10^6nm

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7
Q

explain what is meant by a limiting factor

A

the factor that will determine/limit the rate
-when at lower/sub-optimal levels

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8
Q

Water can fill air spaces in the soil surrounding roots, preventing oxygen from reaching root hair cells

refer to aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Why can overwatering kill plants?

A

AEROBIC
-No aerobic respiration occurs
-no link reaction/Krebs/ETC/ox phos
-No oxygen to act as final electron acceptor

ANAEROBIC
-(plant has to) switch to anaerobic respiration
-Only glycolysis occurs
-Alcoholic fermentation occurs
-NAD regenerated (for glycolysis)
-Pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol
-Named enzyme e.g: pyruvate decarboxylase
-(only) 2 ATP

CONCEQUENCE FOR PLANT
-ethanol is toxic

-irreversible
-Less ATP produced
-Less active transport
-(rhs) cannot take up mineral ions
-Plants cannot make proteins (examples)

-Cannot generate WP grad
-water cannot be absorbed

-less/no photosynthesis

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9
Q

explain why a plant leaf is described as an organ

A

orgsn id
-collection of tissues
-perform/carry out function

leaves have (two from)
-Epidermis/ spongey mesophyll/palisade mesophyll/vascular/phloem/xylem tissues

-to carry out Photosynthesis/ gaseous exchange

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10
Q

state AND explain symptoms of a person who doesn’t respond to ADH

A

-excess urine /high vol of
OR
-always thirsty

expl: fewer aquaporins in plasma membrane

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11
Q

why are podocytes unable to undergo mitosis

A
  • have already differentiated/specialised
    -are in G^0/resting phase
    -shape is too irregular/asymmetrical (diagram)
    -Cytoskeleton cannot function/spindle fibres cannot form
    -(if mitosis) would alter number/size of gaps
    -Would alter an aspect of ultrafiltration
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12
Q

adult stem cells are___

A

Multipotent

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13
Q

photosynthetic pigments split into two groups:

A

-Primary pigments
-Accessory pigments

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14
Q

cholesterol _____ fluidity

A

regulates

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15
Q

if TTX prevents V-G sodium ions from opening, How does TTX affect activity of the neurons

A

-Sodium ions cannot enter
-prevents depolarisation of membrane
-membraine remains at resting potential
-prevents action potential being generatred
-impulse not conducted along axon
-No release of neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Why is transmission of action potentials along the axon slower in the absence of saltatory conduction?

A

-No nodes of Ranvier
-Shorter local currents/circuits

-Whole axon needs to be depolarised

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

. They kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are the most numerous type of white blood cell and your first line of defense when infection strikes.

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18
Q

Monocytes

A

. They have a longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria.

19
Q

examples of reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides are reducing sugars

e.g: galactose, glucose, , fructose, ribose .

20
Q

examples of non-reducing sugars

A

Sucrose and all polysaccharides

21
Q

what does P Q R S and T sections of an ECG show in the heart

A

P wave = contraction of atria /systole
QRS wave = ventricular systole
T = ventricular diastole

22
Q

bradycardia hr =

A

below 60 bpm

23
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

24
Q

tachycardia heart rate =

A

over 100 bpm

25
Q

atrial fibrillation indication on ECG

A

irregular rapid P waves

26
Q

positive starch test colout change

A

brown to blue/black

27
Q

do bronchi contain goblet cells

A

yes

28
Q

when inside a respirometer containing potassium or sodium hydroxide and the organism is undergoing aerobic respiration, would the coloured liquid move towards or away from the organism

A

towards

29
Q

Control variables in a respirometer experiment

A

-starting vol of coloured liquid
-species of specimen
-size of specimen
-same mass of sodium or potassium hydroxide
-temperature

30
Q

order each microscope from Lowest to highest resolution

A

light
laser scanning confocal
SEM
TEM

31
Q

Laser scanning confocal microscope process

A

-Fluorescent dye added to cell/specimen/organelle
-Laser beam (light) focused on part of cell
-Light fluoresces from objects at different depths within cell
-A pinhole sits in front of the detector
(eliminates out of focus light from different depths within cell

32
Q

Advantages of scanning confocal microscope

A

-Much higher resolution than normal light microscope
-can view objects inside cell

33
Q

disadvantages of scanning confocal microscope

A

-more expensive than light microscopes
-lower resolution than electron microscopes

34
Q

which microscope gives a 3D image

A

SEM

35
Q

Resolution of SEM

A

3-10nm

36
Q

resolution of TEM

A

0.5nm

37
Q

example of a random error

A

two students looking at a thermometer from different angles, not with their eyes level to he line.

gives random variation in results

38
Q

how to reduce random error

A

repeat and calculate mean

39
Q

repeatability vs reproducibility

A

repeatability measures the variation in measurements taken by a single instrument or person under the same conditions, while reproducibility measures whether an entire study or experiment can be reproduced in its entirety.

40
Q

where is the casparian strip

A

in endodermal cell

of root

41
Q

Casparian strip properties and why is it useful

A

made of waxy suberin = waterproof

-Forces H20 to move into symplast pathway across plasma membrane
=Filters out toxins

42
Q

Other than the terrarium (glass container containing soil and small plants) maintaining moist conditions, Suggest why the plant continues to grow

A

-Respiration Produces CO2 which is used in photosynthesis

-photosynthesis produces O2 which is used in respiration

-Dead leaves replaces nutrients

43
Q

Question:
Explain how water is reabsorbed at the Loop of Henle. (6)

A

-Active transport
-Of sodium and chloride ions
-From ascending limb
-Lowers water potential of medulla
-Water reabsorbed into capillary network from descending limb
-By osmosis
-Because descending limb is permeable to water
-Counter current multiplier mechanism

44
Q

adaptations of hepatocytes

A

-Thin/flat cells for short diffusion distances

Fenestrated to increase permeability

Biology (45 decks)

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