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Biology > Module 2: Biological Molecules pt 1 > Flashcards

Module 2: Biological Molecules pt 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Monomer?

2 examples

A

A small, basic molecular unit

E.g: Monosaccharide or nuclear tide

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2
Q

What is a Polymer?

2 examples

A

A large, complex molecule made up of lots of monomers bonded together in a long chain

E.g: Proteins, polysaccharide, nucleic acid

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3
Q

How is a Polymer made

A

Formed from Monomers in condensation reaction.

This Forms a chemical bond between the monomers and releases a water molecule

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4
Q

What is Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions.

=Breaking the chemical bond between the molecules using a water molecule

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5
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

Complex molecules with a relatively large molecular mass

E.g: Proteins, some carbohydrates and lipids.

polymers are a group of macromolecule

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6
Q

What is a Cation

A

ion with positive charge

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7
Q

What is an Anion

A

Ion with negative charge

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8
Q

Role of inorganic Calcium Cation

(Ca2+)

A

Involved in transmission of nerve impulses at a synapse and muscle contraction

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9
Q

Role of Sodium Inorganic Cation

(Na+)

A

Needed for transmission of nerve impulses along neurone

and for reabsorption of glucose in the PCT of the nephron

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10
Q

Role of Potassium Inorganic Cation

(K+)

A

Used in guard cells to open stomata and activate enzymes needed for photosynthesis in plant cells

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11
Q

Role of Hydrogen Inorganic Cation

(H+)

A

Diffuse through ATP synthase to produce ATP

also a high concentration of H+ leads to low PH

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12
Q

Role of Ammonium Inorganic Cation

(NH4+)

A

Absorbed by root hair cells.
This is one source of Nitrogen for a plant, which it needs produce amino acids and nucleic acids

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13
Q

Role of Nitrate Inorganic Anion

(NO3-)

A

Also absorbed by plants as a source of nitrogen

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14
Q

Role of Hydrogen carbonate Inorganic Cation

(HCO3-)

A

Involved in transport of CO2 in the blood and also act as buffer in the blood

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15
Q

Role of Chloride Inorganic Cation

(Cl-)

A

Move into red blood cells to maintain a neutral charge, during CO2 transport

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16
Q

Role of Phosphate Inorganic Cation

(PO4^3-)

A

Needed for formation of ATP.

Also are part of a phospholipid molecule. in membrane

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17
Q

Role of Hydroxide Inorganic Cation

(OH-)

A

Help to form hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Also determine PH.
High concentration of OH- leads to a High PH

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18
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The position of the Hydrogen on the first carbon atom

AlpHa, the H Is higher

Beta, the H is Below the OH

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19
Q

What type of bond do monosaccharides form

A

Glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What is the role of starch

A

Main source of energy in plants

energy storage

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21
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

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22
Q

What are the two components of starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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23
Q

Structure of amylose and how it aids function

A

Unbranched long polymer of alpha glucose molecules.
1-4 glycosidic bonds, angled to cause helix structure to make it very compact for storage
Also stabilised by H bonds

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24
Q

Structure of amylopectin and how it aids function

A

1-4 bonds
1-6 bonds which cause branches to make it easier for enzymes to break them down

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25
Q

What is the test for starch?

What colours will it turn

A

-grind food into paste, add water, filter food particles
-add iodine in potassium iodide solution
-if starch is present, it will turn blue/black
-will remain orange/yellow if not

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26
Q

Function of glycogen

A

Main energy store in animals

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27
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
1-6 bonds cause many branches
Very compact

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28
Q

What type of glucose molecules is cellulose made from

A

Beta glucose

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29
Q

What are cellulose fibres made out of

A

Two Macrofibrils

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30
Q

What are cellulose macrofibrils made out of

A

Two microfibrils

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31
Q

What are Microfibrils

A

Approx 60 cellulose molecules become Cross linked by hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

What makes up plant Cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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33
Q

Structural advantages of cellulose

A

Insoluble

Tensile strength

unreactive

flexible

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34
Q

How to test for reducing sugars

A

-Heat sample with benedicts solution in excess
-if sample stays blue, there’s no reducing sugar present
-If sample forms brick red precipitate then a reducing sugar is present

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35
Q

How to test for non reducing sugars

A

-heat sample with dilute hydrochloric acid, then neutralise sample by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate. - Heat sample Benedicts reagent (carry on as normal test)
-if it stays blue, no reducing sugar is present
- if it forms brick red precipitate then a non-reducing sugar is present

36
Q

How to make rest for reducing sugars quantitative

A

-transfer all solutions into cuvetted
-set colorimeter onto Red filter
-set coloromiter to measure absorption
-calibrate colorimeter using distilled water (each time before testing new solution
-measure all absorbances of solutions
-plot absorbances on graph against concentration/type of sugar
-draw line of beat fit/ calibration curve

-

37
Q

how many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

38
Q

what bonds form between amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

39
Q

how do peptide bonds form?

A

between OH of carboxyl group and H of amine group

releases water molecule

40
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

-Spherical, water soluble protein
-functional role
-3D molecule

41
Q

Structure and function of Fibrous proteins

A

Long, tough, rope shaped
-insoluble
-not very reactive
-not folded into 3D molecules
-have a more structural rather than functional role

42
Q

What happens in the primary structure of protein structure

A

peptide bonds form between amino acids creating polypeptide chains

43
Q

What happens in the secondary structure of protein structure

A

-Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen bonds form
-H Bonds form between polar -NH and -Co
-Form at different stages
-either coil into alpha helix or
-fold into beta pleated sheets

44
Q

What happens in the Tertiary structure of protein Structure

A

-Coiled chain of amino acids is coiled even further bringing R groups closer
-R groups clump together
-hydrophobic R groups clump together
-Hydrophilic R groups push to outside
-If single polypeptide this is final structure

~R groups interact forming
-Ionic bonds between opposite charges
-Disulfide bonds
-Hydrogen bonds
-

45
Q

What happens in the Quaternary structure of protein Structure

A

-Made of several polypeptide chains form together
-Final3D structure
-Influenced by bonds in tertiary structure

46
Q

Function of catalase

A

-Makes sure Hydrogen peroxide doesn’t accumulate
-Is an Ezyme so catalyses reactions

47
Q

Structure of catalase

A

-Quaternary protein
-4 haem prosthetic groups
-presance of iron II allows catalase to react with hydrogen peroxide

48
Q

Function of Insulin

A

-helps regulate blood glucose levels

49
Q

Structure of Insulin

A
  • two polypeptides joined by Disulphide bonds
    -precise shape to fit receptors
    -6 Insulin form together in pancreas to form globular structure
50
Q

Function of haemoglobin

A

Carry O2 in red blood cells

51
Q

Structure of Haemoglobin

A

-2 alpha, 2 Beta subunits
-4 polypeptide chains

52
Q

3 main examples of globular proteins

A

-Insulin
-haemoglobin
-catalase

53
Q

3 main examples of fibrous proteins

A

-keratin
-Elastin
-Collagen

54
Q

Collagen structure

A

-3 polypeptide chains wound round each other
-3 alpha helices
-every 3rd amino acid is glycine
-lots of H bonds form between polypeptide chains and cross links
-connects at end to form tropocollagen
-minerals can bind to increase rigidity

55
Q

Function of collagen

A

-aggregate, chains come together to form tendons and ligaments
-provides structural support

56
Q

Structure of keratin

A

-lots of cysteine containing sulfur
-so lots of Disulphide bonds/ bridges
-more Disulphide bonds = less flexible

57
Q

Where is keratin Found?

A

-hair
-nails
-animal horns
-skin

58
Q

Structure of Elastin

A

-made from stretchy tropoplastin
-Long stands held together by cross links
-contains hydrophobic R groups which Try to associaten(group together)
-Insoluble., unreactive, strong

59
Q

Where is Elastin found

A

-Large blood vessels, skin, muscles, organs, alveoli, elastic fibres

60
Q

Function of Elastin

A

-Converts tissue to original shape
-confers elasticity and strength to skin, muscles and organs around the body
-act as small strings

61
Q

What is biuret Reagent made from

A

Sodium Hydroxide + Copper sulphate

62
Q

How do you test for proteins

A

-3cm^3 food sol in test tube
-add 3cm^3 Dilute sodium Hydroxide
-MIX
-add 10 drops of Dilute copper(II) sulphate sol
-MIX (biuret reagent)
-turn purple/violet if protein present
-if no protein present, stays blue

63
Q

Name for test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

64
Q

How to perform emulsion test for lipids

A

-test substance + ethanol
-Shake
-add water
-milky colour indicates lipid

65
Q

Difference between unsaturated saturated Fatty acids

A

Saturated have no double C=C bond
Solid at room temp

Unsaturated have at least one C=C bond
Usually oil (tails not straight line so not compact?)

66
Q

What bonds form between Glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bonds

67
Q

Functions of Tryglycerides

A

-Energy storage in plants and animals
-Carbon storage in bacterium
-cushioning
-thermal insulation
-buoyancy

68
Q

Function of phospholipids

A

-make up phospholipids in bilayer plasma membrane
-control what enters cell

69
Q

Function of Cholesterol

A

-positioned between phospholipids in cell membrane to maintain fluidity at different temperatures
-adds stability to membrane
-Vitamin D, steroid hormones, bile are all manufactured using cholesterol

70
Q

structure of Triglycerides and how it aids its function

A

-3 fatty acid/hydrocarbon tails with lots of chemical energy when broken down
-Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential
-one molecule of glycerol joined by ester bonds with 3 fatty acid tails

71
Q

structure of Phospholipids and how it aids its function

A

-one glycerol molecule attached to phosphate group and two fatty acid tails
-hydrophobic fatty acid tails
-hydrophilic phosphate head
-this causes phospholipids to form a bilayer with heads on the outside and tails on the inside
-so water soluble substances can’t easily pass through

72
Q

structure of Cholesterol and how it aids its function

A

-small size, flattened shape. Allowing it to fit between phospholipids and stop them from grouping
-bind to hydrophobic tails of phospholipids making phospholipids pack together, regulating fluidity
-Hydrocarbon ring structure attached to hydrocarbon tail and a polar hydroxyl group

73
Q

What makes water a polar molecule

A

More electrons on oxygen atom, less electrons oh hydrogen atoms

:. Hydrogen partially positivev
Oxygen partially negative

74
Q

What makes water a good solvent

A

-Water is polar
-Patially positive H end of water attracted to negative ion
-partially negative O end of water attracted to positive ion
:. Ions are completely surrounded

75
Q

How does water being a good solvent help animals

A

Helps for strasport of substances

E.g blood, Cell sap in phloem

76
Q

What makes water cohesive

A

Polar molecule so opposite charges attract to each other, forming Hydrogen bonds between each other

77
Q

How does water being Cohesive and adhesive help living organisms

A

-Mass flow on xylem (capillary action)
-coheres stronger than it adheres so creates surgace tention
-can be used as a habitat

78
Q

How does ice form from water

Ice structure

A

-Water freezes at 4°C
-Water molecules held further apart in ice due to the many hydrogen bonds formed (4 per molecule) creating a lattice structure
-created air gaps, making ice less dense then water

79
Q

How does ice benefit animals

A

-ice forms insulating layer on top of water so that the water below doesn’t freeze
:. Fish don’t freeze
-animals also live on top of ice

80
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

Energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1°C

81
Q

What gives water a high Specific heat capacity

A

-it has many Hydrogen bonds

82
Q

How does water having a high Specific heat capacity aid function and animals

A

-take a a lot of energy to heat up
-doesn’t experience rapid temperature changes
-Stable habitat for Organisms

83
Q

Define latent heat of vaporisation

A

Energy required to turn liquid into gas

84
Q

Wbu does water have a high latent heat of evaporation

A

-takes a lot of energy to break the many H bonds between water molecules

85
Q

How does water having a hight latwnt heat of evaporation benefit animals

A

-A lot of energy is used up when water evaporates
:. Great as a cooling mechanism e.G: sweating

86
Q

which monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

-glucose
-fructose

87
Q

which monosaccharides make up maltose

A

2 alpha glucose molecules

Biology (45 decks)

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