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Module 2: Biological Molecules pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Monomer?

2 examples

A

A small, basic molecular unit

E.g: Monosaccharide or nuclear tide

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2
Q

What is a Polymer?

2 examples

A

A large, complex molecule made up of lots of monomers bonded together in a long chain

E.g: Proteins, polysaccharide, nucleic acid

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3
Q

How is a Polymer made

A

Formed from Monomers in condensation reaction.

This Forms a chemical bond between the monomers and releases a water molecule

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4
Q

What is Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions.

=Breaking the chemical bond between the molecules using a water molecule

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5
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

Complex molecules with a relatively large molecular mass

E.g: Proteins, some carbohydrates and lipids.

polymers are a group of macromolecule

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6
Q

What is a Cation

A

ion with positive charge

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7
Q

What is an Anion

A

Ion with negative charge

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8
Q

Role of inorganic Calcium Cation

(Ca2+)

A

Involved in transmission of nerve impulses at a synapse and muscle contraction

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9
Q

Role of Sodium Inorganic Cation

(Na+)

A

Needed for transmission of nerve impulses along neurone

and for reabsorption of glucose in the PCT of the nephron

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10
Q

Role of Potassium Inorganic Cation

(K+)

A

Used in guard cells to open stomata and activate enzymes needed for photosynthesis in plant cells

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11
Q

Role of Hydrogen Inorganic Cation

(H+)

A

Diffuse through ATP synthase to produce ATP

also a high concentration of H+ leads to low PH

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12
Q

Role of Ammonium Inorganic Cation

(NH4+)

A

Absorbed by root hair cells.
This is one source of Nitrogen for a plant, which it needs produce amino acids and nucleic acids

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13
Q

Role of Nitrate Inorganic Anion

(NO3-)

A

Also absorbed by plants as a source of nitrogen

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14
Q

Role of Hydrogen carbonate Inorganic Cation

(HCO3-)

A

Involved in transport of CO2 in the blood and also act as buffer in the blood

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15
Q

Role of Chloride Inorganic Cation

(Cl-)

A

Move into red blood cells to maintain a neutral charge, during CO2 transport

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16
Q

Role of Phosphate Inorganic Cation

(PO4^3-)

A

Needed for formation of ATP.

Also are part of a phospholipid molecule. in membrane

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17
Q

Role of Hydroxide Inorganic Cation

(OH-)

A

Help to form hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Also determine PH.
High concentration of OH- leads to a High PH

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18
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The position of the Hydrogen on the first carbon atom

AlpHa, the H Is higher

Beta, the H is Below the OH

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19
Q

What type of bond do monosaccharides form

A

Glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What is the role of starch

A

Main source of energy in plants

energy storage

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21
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

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22
Q

What are the two components of starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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23
Q

Structure of amylose and how it aids function

A

Unbranched long polymer of alpha glucose molecules.
1-4 glycosidic bonds, angled to cause helix structure to make it very compact for storage
Also stabilised by H bonds

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24
Q

Structure of amylopectin and how it aids function

A

1-4 bonds
1-6 bonds which cause branches to make it easier for enzymes to break them down

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25
What is the test for starch? What colours will it turn
-grind food into paste, add water, filter food particles -add iodine in potassium iodide solution -if starch is present, it will turn blue/black -will remain orange/yellow if not
26
Function of glycogen
Main energy store in animals
27
Structure of glycogen
Polysaccharide of alpha glucose 1-4 glycosidic bonds 1-6 bonds cause many branches Very compact
28
What type of glucose molecules is cellulose made from
Beta glucose
29
What are cellulose fibres made out of
Two Macrofibrils
30
What are cellulose macrofibrils made out of
Two microfibrils
31
What are Microfibrils
Approx 60 cellulose molecules become Cross linked by hydrogen bonds
32
What makes up plant Cell walls?
Cellulose
33
Structural advantages of cellulose
Insoluble Tensile strength unreactive flexible
34
How to test for reducing sugars
-Heat sample with benedicts solution in excess -if sample stays blue, there's no reducing sugar present -If sample forms brick red precipitate then a reducing sugar is present
35
How to test for non reducing sugars
-heat sample with dilute hydrochloric acid, then neutralise sample by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate. - Heat sample Benedicts reagent (carry on as normal test) -if it stays blue, no reducing sugar is present - if it forms brick red precipitate then a non-reducing sugar is present
36
How to make rest for reducing sugars quantitative
-transfer all solutions into cuvetted -set colorimeter onto Red filter -set coloromiter to measure absorption -calibrate colorimeter using distilled water (each time before testing new solution -measure all absorbances of solutions -plot absorbances on graph against concentration/type of sugar -draw line of beat fit/ calibration curve -
37
how many different types of amino acids are there?
20
38
what bonds form between amino acids?
peptide bonds
39
how do peptide bonds form?
between OH of carboxyl group and H of amine group releases water molecule
40
What are globular proteins?
-Spherical, water soluble protein -functional role -3D molecule
41
Structure and function of Fibrous proteins
Long, tough, rope shaped -insoluble -not very reactive -not folded into 3D molecules -have a more structural rather than functional role
42
What happens in the primary structure of protein structure
peptide bonds form between amino acids creating polypeptide chains
43
What happens in the secondary structure of protein structure
-Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen bonds form -H Bonds form between polar -NH and -Co -Form at different stages -either coil into alpha helix or -fold into beta pleated sheets
44
What happens in the Tertiary structure of protein Structure
-Coiled chain of amino acids is coiled even further bringing R groups closer -R groups clump together -hydrophobic R groups clump together -Hydrophilic R groups push to outside -If single polypeptide this is final structure ~R groups interact forming -Ionic bonds between opposite charges -Disulfide bonds -Hydrogen bonds -
45
What happens in the Quaternary structure of protein Structure
-Made of several polypeptide chains form together -Final3D structure -Influenced by bonds in tertiary structure
46
Function of catalase
-Makes sure Hydrogen peroxide doesn't accumulate -Is an Ezyme so catalyses reactions
47
Structure of catalase
-Quaternary protein -4 haem prosthetic groups -presance of iron II allows catalase to react with hydrogen peroxide
48
Function of Insulin
-helps regulate blood glucose levels
49
Structure of Insulin
- two polypeptides joined by Disulphide bonds -precise shape to fit receptors -6 Insulin form together in pancreas to form globular structure
50
Function of haemoglobin
Carry O2 in red blood cells
51
Structure of Haemoglobin
-2 alpha, 2 Beta subunits -4 polypeptide chains
52
3 main examples of globular proteins
-Insulin -haemoglobin -catalase
53
3 main examples of fibrous proteins
-keratin -Elastin -Collagen
54
Collagen structure
-3 polypeptide chains wound round each other -3 alpha helices -every 3rd amino acid is glycine -lots of H bonds form between polypeptide chains and cross links -connects at end to form tropocollagen -minerals can bind to increase rigidity
55
Function of collagen
-aggregate, chains come together to form tendons and ligaments -provides structural support
56
Structure of keratin
-lots of cysteine containing sulfur -so lots of Disulphide bonds/ bridges -more Disulphide bonds = less flexible
57
Where is keratin Found?
-hair -nails -animal horns -skin
58
Structure of Elastin
-made from stretchy tropoplastin -Long stands held together by cross links -contains hydrophobic R groups which Try to associaten(group together) -Insoluble., unreactive, strong
59
Where is Elastin found
-Large blood vessels, skin, muscles, organs, alveoli, elastic fibres
60
Function of Elastin
-Converts tissue to original shape -confers elasticity and strength to skin, muscles and organs around the body -act as small strings
61
What is biuret Reagent made from
Sodium Hydroxide + Copper sulphate
62
How do you test for proteins
-3cm^3 food sol in test tube -add 3cm^3 **Dilute sodium Hydroxide** -MIX -add 10 drops of **Dilute copper(II) sulphate** sol -MIX (biuret reagent) -turn purple/violet if protein present -if no protein present, stays blue
63
Name for test for lipids
Emulsion test
64
How to perform emulsion test for lipids
-test substance + ethanol -Shake -add water -milky colour indicates lipid
65
Difference between unsaturated saturated Fatty acids
Saturated have no double C=C bond Solid at room temp Unsaturated have at least one C=C bond Usually oil (tails not straight line so not compact?)
66
What bonds form between Glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bonds
67
Functions of Tryglycerides
-Energy storage in plants and animals -Carbon storage in bacterium -cushioning -thermal insulation -buoyancy
68
Function of phospholipids
-make up phospholipids in bilayer plasma membrane -control what enters cell
69
Function of Cholesterol
-positioned between phospholipids in cell membrane to maintain fluidity at different temperatures -adds stability to membrane -Vitamin D, steroid hormones, bile are all manufactured using cholesterol
70
structure of Triglycerides and how it aids its function
-3 fatty acid/hydrocarbon tails with lots of chemical energy when broken down -Insoluble so doesn't affect water potential -one molecule of glycerol joined by ester bonds with 3 fatty acid tails
71
structure of Phospholipids and how it aids its function
-one glycerol molecule attached to phosphate group and two fatty acid tails -hydrophobic fatty acid tails -hydrophilic phosphate head -this causes phospholipids to form a bilayer with heads on the outside and tails on the inside -so water soluble substances can't easily pass through
72
structure of Cholesterol and how it aids its function
-small size, flattened shape. Allowing it to fit between phospholipids and stop them from grouping -bind to hydrophobic tails of phospholipids making phospholipids pack together, regulating fluidity -Hydrocarbon ring structure attached to hydrocarbon tail and a polar hydroxyl group
73
What makes water a polar molecule
More electrons on oxygen atom, less electrons oh hydrogen atoms :. Hydrogen partially positivev Oxygen partially negative
74
What makes water a good solvent
-Water is polar -Patially positive H end of water attracted to negative ion -partially negative O end of water attracted to positive ion :. Ions are completely surrounded
75
How does water being a good solvent help animals
Helps for strasport of substances E.g blood, Cell sap in phloem
76
What makes water cohesive
Polar molecule so opposite charges attract to each other, forming Hydrogen bonds between each other
77
How does water being Cohesive and adhesive help living organisms
-Mass flow on xylem (capillary action) -coheres stronger than it adheres so creates surgace tention -can be used as a habitat
78
How does ice form from water Ice structure
-Water freezes at 4°C -Water molecules held further apart in ice due to the many hydrogen bonds formed (4 per molecule) creating a lattice structure -created air gaps, making ice less dense then water
79
How does ice benefit animals
-ice forms insulating layer on top of water so that the water below doesn't freeze :. Fish don't freeze -animals also live on top of ice
80
Define specific heat capacity
Energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1°C
81
What gives water a high Specific heat capacity
-it has many Hydrogen bonds
82
How does water having a high Specific heat capacity aid function and animals
-take a a lot of energy to heat up -doesn't experience rapid temperature changes -Stable habitat for Organisms
83
Define latent heat of vaporisation
Energy required to turn liquid into gas
84
Wbu does water have a high latent heat of evaporation
-takes a lot of energy to break the many H bonds between water molecules
85
How does water having a hight latwnt heat of evaporation benefit animals
-A lot of energy is used up when water evaporates :. Great as a cooling mechanism e.G: sweating
86
which monosaccharides make up sucrose
-glucose -fructose
87
which monosaccharides make up maltose
2 alpha glucose molecules

Biology (45 decks)

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