Population and Sustainability- MODULE 6

Question 1

Carrying population/capacity

Answer 1

The maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem/environment can support

Question 2

Conservation

Answer 2

Maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management.

A dynamic process that involves the protection, management and reclamation of ecosystems

HUMAN ACTIVITY

Question 3

aim of conservation

Answer 3

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

MAINTAIN BIODIVERSTIY

Question 4

Preservation

Answer 4

The protection of ecosystems so they’re kept exactly as they are

sometimes by banning or restricting human interference

Question 5

The first stage of primary succession is the pioneer community.
Which of the following statements about a pioneer community are correct?
1 species produce large numbers of wind-carried seeds or spores
2 biomass is low
3 many species are lichens and mosses
A 1, 2 and 3
B Only 1 and 2
C Only 2 and 3
D Only 1

Answer 5

A

Question 6

typical population growth curve

5 step process

Answer 6

reproduction
rate is higher
than death rate

as time doubles
population
more than
doubles

reproduction
rate is much
higher than
death rate

population
growth is
slowing

reproduction
rate is similar
to death rate

Question 7

Immigration

e,g

Answer 7

movement of indvidual organisms into a particular area increases population size.
E.g millions of Christmas island red crabs migrate each year from forest to coast to reproduce. dramatically increassing coastal population of red crabs

Question 8

Emigration

Answer 8

movement of individual organisms away from a partiular area decreases population size

Question 9

what is interspecific competition

Answer 9

competition between different species

Question 10

Intraspecific competition

Answer 10

competition between members of the same species for the same resource

Question 11

what are sustainable resources

Answer 11

a renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out

Question 12

what are the aims of sustainability

Answer 12

-preserve the environment
-ensure resources are available for future generations
-allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
-allow less economically developed countries to develop, through exploiting their natural resources
-create a more even balance in the consumption of these resources between more economically developed countries and less economically developed countries

Question 13

what is coppicing

Answer 13

a tree trunk is cut close to the ground. New shoots form from the the cut surface and mature. eventually these shoots are cut and new ones replace them. shoots have many uses including fencing

Question 14

what is rotational coppicing

Answer 14

woodland divided into sections. trees only cut in a particular section until all have been coppiced.
Coppicing then begins in another area, allowing time for newly coppiced trees to grow. process continues until you get to the original coppiced trees.

no trees block sunlight

no succession

maintains biodiversity

Question 15

affects of rotational coppicing on biodiversity

Answer 15

maintains biodiversity as trees never grow enough to block out the light
Hence, succession cannot occur and so more species survive

Question 16

what is pollarding

Answer 16

trunk is cut higher up so that deer and other animals cannot eat the new shoots as they appear

Question 17

Large scale timber production methods of sustainability

Answer 17

-selective cutting (only the bigger trees)
-Replace trees through replanting (rather than natural regeneration)
-Plant trees an optimal distance apart to reduce competition
-Manage pests and pathogens
-Ensure areas of forest remain for indigenous people

Question 18

Disadvantages of large scale timber production sustainability methods

felling of large area of trees

Answer 18

habitats destroyed
soil minerals reduced
bare soil susceptible for erosion

role of trees is important

Question 19

techniques to combat overfishing

Answer 19

-quotas provide limits on numbers of certain species caught in a particular area
-use of nets with different net/mesh sizes to allow immature fish to escape
- allow only commercial and recreational fishing at certain times of year -> protect breeding season
-Fish farming to protect wild species -> Controlled environment = constant supply also -prevent loss of wild species

Question 20

species present in The Terai Arc

(border of Nepal and India)

Answer 20

-Bengal Tiger

-Asian elephant

Question 21

why are the species present in The Terai Arc at risk

(border of Nepal and India)

Answer 21

-Deforestation for houses
-Competition with humans e.g: get shot

Question 22

conservation management strategies for species present in The Terai Arc

(border of Nepal and India)

Answer 22

-plant mint around crops to deter animals that don’t like the taste
-Provide people with solar cookers, biogas generators, so don’t use wood for food

Question 23

Conservation management strategies for The Massai MAra (kenya)

Answer 23

-Make money from their land through conservation and ecotourism projects rather than farming

-farm in sustainable way

Question 24

Conservation management strategies for Peat Bogs (uK)

Answer 24

-Environmental stewardship scheme : gives farmers money to use peat bogs in sustainable ways e.g: reduce surface runoff
lower number of livestock using peat bogs
remove livestock over winter

Question 25

how are the effects of human activities controlled in THe Galapagos islands

Answer 25

-Eradication programmes remove wild goats from smaller islands, wild dogs from larger islands
-Quinine trees kept in check using chemical herbicides and uprooting young trees
-Marine protected area around islands, sets limits and controls on fishing
-When visiting, no bringing live plants or animals , no moving them between islands. only visit with licenced guide

Question 26

how are the effects of human activities controlled in Antartica

Answer 26

-Internally protected by the Antartic Treaty + is treated as a native reserve
-Commerical whaling banned completey in 1994 in surrounding oceans
-Seal hunting banned
-Fishing occours within limit set by scientists
-All waste (food waste) + sewage must be taken away by a ship+ have to treat sewage before release
-Tourist restrictions
-ships banned from using thick oil

Question 27

how are the effects of human activities controlled in in The Lake district

Answer 27

replanting native tree species

Question 28

how are the effects of human activities controlled in snowdonia

Answer 28

power station located inside mountain

Question 29

phase one of a population growth curve

Answer 29

period of slow growth
-the small numbers of individuals that are initially present reproduce, increasing the total population. For population size to increase, the birth rate is higher than the death rate

Question 30

phase 2 of a population growth curve

Answer 30

period of rapid growth. number of breeding indivs increses, total population multiplies exponentially.
no constraints act to limit population explosion

Question 31

phase 3 of a population growth curve

Answer 31

A stable state, Further population growth is prevented by external constraints.
During this time, the population size fluctuates, but overall its size remains relatively stable
-Birth rates and death rates are approximately equal

slight fluctuations can by accounted for by fluctuations in limiting factors e.g presence of predators

Question 32

Density independent factors

Answer 32

factors that have an effect on the whole population regardless of its size. can dramatically change pop. size

e.g: earthquakes, fires volcanic eruptions, storms

Question 33

competitive exclusion principle

Answer 33

where two species are competed for limiting resources, the one that is better adapted to use their resources more effectively will ultimately eliminate the other

Question 34

example of interspecific competition (squirrel)

Answer 34

between red and grey squirrels for food and territory in Uk.

Grey squirrel native to north America brought into UK (1870s). Population rapidly increased and resulted in native red squirrel disappearing from many areas.

This is primarily because grey squirrels can eat a wider range of food and can store more fat as it is larger than red squirrel .

This increases its chances of survival and therefore its ability to reproduce, thus increasing its population.

increasing pop. of grey squirrels further reduces the food available to red squirrels, reducing their ability to reproduce and survive

Question 35

stages of intraspecific competition graph

Answer 35

1)when a resource is plentiful in a habitat (such as food or space), all organisms have enough of the resource to survive and reproduce. = increase in pop. size

2) because of increased population, many more indivs share the food or space available. Resources now limited: not enough for all organisms to survive. pop. will decrease in size

3) Less competition exists as the smaller population means less organisms are competing for the same resources. Enough resources for all organisms. Means more organisms survive and reproduce, resulting in pop. growth.

cycle events repeat

Question 36

stages of predator prey population relationship graph 1 - 4

Answer 36

1)Increase in prey pop. provide more food for predators.
Allow more to survive and reproduce. increase predator pop.

2)Increased predator pop. eats more prey organisms , causing a decrease in prey pop. Death rate of prey pop. is higher than its birth rate

3)Reduced prey pop. can no longer support large predator pop. Intraspecific competition for food increases, resulting in a decrease of size predator pop.

4) reduced predator numbers results in less prey population being killed. More prey organisms survive and reproduce , increasing prey population.

cycle begins again

Question 37

other factors affecting predator prey relationship

Answer 37

-availability of food plants for prey
-presence of other predators

-seasonal changes causing change in abiotic factors

Question 38

Importance of Conservation - three categories

Answer 38

economic

social

ethical

Question 39

ethical reasons for Importance of Conservation

Answer 39

-all organisms have right to exist
-most play important role within ecosystem
-we should not have right to decide which organisms survive and which to live without
-moral responsibility for future generations to conserve wide variety of existing natural ecosystems

Question 40

economic reasons for Importance of Conservation

Answer 40

-provide resources humans need to survive
-provide income
-

Question 41

social reasons for Importance of Conservation

Answer 41

-many people enjoy natural beauty of wild ecosystems as well as using them for activities which are beneficial to health = relaxation , exercise

Question 42

what does (CITES) stand foragreement

Answer 42

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Question 43

what does (CBD) stand for; conservation agreement

Answer 43

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

Question 44

what does CSS stand for

Answer 44

Countryside Stewardship scheme

Question 45

aims of CSS

q

Answer 45

-sustainable beauty of countryside
- maintain footpaths and remove litter/provide bins
- improve habitats for animals
- Preserve archeological and historical sites

Question 46

aims of CBD

Answer 46

-sustainable use of organisms/habittats, ecosystems
-share genetic resources
-share scientific knowlege
-promote ex situ conservation
-Raise the profile ogf biodiversity with governments
international cooporation on diversity issues

Question 47

aims of CITES

Answer 47

-Regulate and moniter trade in selected species
-ensure trade in animals does not threaten wild populations
-prohibit the commercial trade of wild plants
-allow artificially propogated plants to be sold
-less endangered plants can be traded