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Biology > Classification - Module 4 > Flashcards

Classification - Module 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define classification

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The study of classification

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3
Q

What is a dichotomous key

A

A key used to identify organisms based on observable features, offering two possible answers to a question

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4
Q

Who first classified things into living Kingdoms

A

Carl linnaeus

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5
Q

What were the five Kingdoms

A
  • Animals,
  • plants (all green plants),.
    -fungi open ( moulds, mushroom, yeast),
    -prokaryotes(bacteria, blue-green algae)
  • protists
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6
Q

What are the 8 different divisions of classification

A

Domain,
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order
FAMILY
Genus
Species

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7
Q

Who proposed the idea of domains

A

Carl Woese

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8
Q

What are the three domains

A

Domain Archaea, Domain bacteria, Domain eukarya

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9
Q

What does domain Archaea contain

A

Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains one Kingdom, Archaebacteria

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10
Q

What does domain bacteria contain

A

1 Kingdom = Eubacteria

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11
Q

What does domain eukarya contain

A

-Contains all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
-ptotista
-Fungi
-Anamalia
-Plantae

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12
Q

how do we use Binomial naming in Biology for classification of organisms

A

-Latin name
Two parts: (Genus species) underlined
E.g: Homo sapiens

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13
Q

reasons for classification

A

-Identify species
-predict characteristics
-Find evolutionary links

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14
Q

ehy do we use binomial nomenclature

A

may have more than one common name

diffent names in other languages

Info about relationships between organsims

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15
Q

What are the four more modern uses of evidence when classifying organisms

A

1)Embroyological
2) Palaeontology = study of Fossils
3)Anatomical
4)Biochemistry: Molecular evidence e.g cytochrome C (a protein in respiration). important molecules are highly conserved

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16
Q

what have we found out about evolution from palaeontology

A
  1. simple lifeforms evolved into more complex ones
  2. Animals need plants to survive (plants existed before animals)
  3. find out how closely related organisms might be based on similarities/differences in their structure
  4. find out if certain current living organisms are related to certain extinct organisms
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17
Q

problems with palaeontology

A

incomplete fossil record

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18
Q

How did new technology result in new discoveries in modern classification?

A

1)Microscopes with improved res and mag
2)DNA/RNA sequencing
3)protein sequencing

19
Q

Why was prokaryotes split into bacteria and archea

A

Due to advancements in technology, scientists descovered differences which implied that they evolved separately
E.g: bonds of lipids in cell membrane are different

20
Q

How can you tell it two organisms are closely related using Cytochrome C?

A

The less differences in amino acids within the sequence, the closer related they are

21
Q

Which is the Genus in :

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

A

Dicerorhinus

22
Q

Define phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

23
Q

Explain how genetic trees can aid classification

A

Common ancestors
, which group diverged First from common ancestor
, the order of divergent groups
, All species that diverged from the original common ancestor
, how closely related species are

24
Q

An animal is monophyletic if it

A

Diverge from common ancestor

25
Q

intraspecific variation

A

variation within a species

26
Q

when do you accept the null hypothesis of a t test

A

if t is less than the critical value, accept Nul

27
Q

what are adaptations

A

a feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival, reproduction and the chances of its offspring reproducing successfully

28
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptation

A

-Behavioural: the way an organism acts
-Anatomical: internal and external physical features
-Physiological: Process that take place inside an organism

29
Q

What are analogous Structures

A

-Structures that perform the same role but are very different

-They have adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

e.g: wings of birds, bats, insects

example of convergent evolution

30
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

This is where unrelated species eith different evolutionary origin begin to share similar traits

these similarities (adaptations) evolve as the organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures

31
Q

Natural selection Q writing frame

A

-Variation of ____ within a species
-This is likely to have been caused by a mutation
-There is a selection pressure of ____ within environment
-The ____ with the ____ is an advantage because ___
-This means that ___ are more likely to survive + reproduce
-The alleles for ___ are passed onto the next generations
-Over time, the number of ___ increases

32
Q

interspecific variation

A

Between species

33
Q

describe the difference between environmental and genetic control of characteristics that show discontinuous and continuous variation

A

characteristics which show discontinuous variation are purely controlled by genetics.
-normally controlled by a single gene

characteristics which show continuous variation are controlled by a combination of genetic and environmental causes
-controlled by a number of genes/polygenes

34
Q

why shouldn’t data showing discontinuous variation be calculated a mean for

A

the values of characteristics showing discontinuous variation usually fall into discrete categories
-meaning that if a mean is calculated, it may not fall into one of these categories.
-many of these characteristics do not have a numerical value

35
Q

describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured

A

-continuous variation
-as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes
-Normal distribution
-very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small
-

36
Q

describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured

A

-continuous variation
-as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes
-Normal distribution
-very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small
-most would be within one standard deviation of the mean

37
Q

analogous structures

A

structures developed to perform same function but have separate genetic origin

38
Q

explain why a large number of mosquitos would become resistant to DDT after mass exposure

A

A mutation occurred/ existed in mosquitos DNA which made them DDT resistant
-these organisms survived exposure to DDT and reproduced
-mutation which caused resistance is passed onto offspring
-frequency of DDT resistant allele increases in the population

39
Q

using examples, state the positive and negative effect on humans of recent examples of evolution in some species

A

-Flavobacterium digests nylon waste + used to clean up factory waste
-MRSA antibiotic resistance (-) no longer killed using current antibiotic treatment
-Sheep blowfly insecticide resistance (-) no longer killed by it so they kill more sheep

40
Q

explain importance of sampling when measuring biodiversity of a habitat

A

-CAn’t count every individual

  • sample provides an estimate

-sample is representable

41
Q

explain difference between species richness and evenness and why both measurement are needed to assess biodiversity [4mrk]

A

richness is number of species

evenness is abundance/number of individuals of each species

both are needed to reveal dominance

high biodiversity associated with high species richness and high species evenness

42
Q

outline significance of a low value of simpsons diversity index [2]

A

-dominated by one or few species

ecosystem/habitat is unstable / less likely to cope with change `

43
Q

define the term phylogeny and explain how it is related to classification

A

-is teg ecolutionary relationship between/history of organisms/species

phylogeny is teh basis of classification

molecular evidence used to classify

species within same group have shared phylogeny/common ancestor

44
Q

what are homologous structures

A

structures which appear to be different but have the same underlying structure

Biology (45 decks)

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