Classification - Module 4

Question 1

Define classification

Answer 1

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

Question 2

Define taxonomy

Answer 2

The study of classification

Question 3

What is a dichotomous key

Answer 3

A key used to identify organisms based on observable features, offering two possible answers to a question

Question 4

Who first classified things into living Kingdoms

Answer 4

Carl linnaeus

Question 5

What were the five Kingdoms

Answer 5

• Animals,
• plants (all green plants),.
  -fungi open ( moulds, mushroom, yeast),
  -prokaryotes(bacteria, blue-green algae)
• protists

Question 6

What are the 8 different divisions of classification

Answer 6

Domain,
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order
FAMILY
Genus
Species

Question 7

Who proposed the idea of domains

Answer 7

Carl Woese

Question 8

What are the three domains

Answer 8

Domain Archaea, Domain bacteria, Domain eukarya

Question 9

What does domain Archaea contain

Answer 9

Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains one Kingdom, Archaebacteria

Question 10

What does domain bacteria contain

Answer 10

1 Kingdom = Eubacteria

Question 11

What does domain eukarya contain

Answer 11

-Contains all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
-ptotista
-Fungi
-Anamalia
-Plantae

Question 12

how do we use Binomial naming in Biology for classification of organisms

Answer 12

-Latin name
Two parts: (Genus species) underlined
E.g: Homo sapiens

Question 13

reasons for classification

Answer 13

-Identify species
-predict characteristics
-Find evolutionary links

Question 14

ehy do we use binomial nomenclature

Answer 14

may have more than one common name

diffent names in other languages

Info about relationships between organsims

Question 15

What are the four more modern uses of evidence when classifying organisms

Answer 15

1)Embroyological
2) Palaeontology = study of Fossils
3)Anatomical
4)Biochemistry: Molecular evidence e.g cytochrome C (a protein in respiration). important molecules are highly conserved

Question 16

what have we found out about evolution from palaeontology

Answer 16

1. simple lifeforms evolved into more complex ones
2. Animals need plants to survive (plants existed before animals)
3. find out how closely related organisms might be based on similarities/differences in their structure
4. find out if certain current living organisms are related to certain extinct organisms

Question 17

problems with palaeontology

Answer 17

incomplete fossil record

Question 18

How did new technology result in new discoveries in modern classification?

Answer 18

1)Microscopes with improved res and mag
2)DNA/RNA sequencing
3)protein sequencing

Question 19

Why was prokaryotes split into bacteria and archea

Answer 19

Due to advancements in technology, scientists descovered differences which implied that they evolved separately
E.g: bonds of lipids in cell membrane are different

Question 20

How can you tell it two organisms are closely related using Cytochrome C?

Answer 20

The less differences in amino acids within the sequence, the closer related they are

Question 21

Which is the Genus in :

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

Answer 21

Dicerorhinus

Question 22

Define phylogeny

Answer 22

The study of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Question 23

Explain how genetic trees can aid classification

Answer 23

Common ancestors
, which group diverged First from common ancestor
, the order of divergent groups
, All species that diverged from the original common ancestor
, how closely related species are

Question 24

An animal is monophyletic if it

Answer 24

Diverge from common ancestor

Question 25

intraspecific variation

Answer 25

variation within a species

Question 26

when do you accept the null hypothesis of a t test

Answer 26

if t is less than the critical value, accept Nul

Question 27

what are adaptations

Answer 27

a feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival, reproduction and the chances of its offspring reproducing successfully

Question 28

what are the 3 types of adaptation

Answer 28

-Behavioural: the way an organism acts -Anatomical: internal and external physical features -Physiological: Process that take place inside an organism

Question 29

What are analogous Structures

Answer 29

-Structures that perform the **same role** but are **very different** -They have adapted to perform the same function but have a **different genetic origin** e.g: wings of birds, bats, insects example of convergent evolution

Question 30

what is convergent evolution

Answer 30

This is where unrelated species eith different evolutionary origin begin to share similar traits these similarities (adaptations) evolve as the organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures

Question 31

Natural selection Q writing frame

Answer 31

-Variation of ____ within a species -This is likely to have been caused by a mutation -There is a selection pressure of ____ within environment -The ____ with the ____ is an advantage because ___ -This means that ___ are more likely to survive + reproduce -The alleles for ___ are passed onto the next generations -Over time, the number of ___ increases

Question 32

interspecific variation

Answer 32

Between species

Question 33

describe the difference between environmental and genetic control of characteristics that show discontinuous and continuous variation

Answer 33

characteristics which show discontinuous variation are purely controlled by genetics. -normally controlled by a single gene characteristics which show continuous variation are controlled by a combination of genetic and environmental causes -controlled by a number of genes/polygenes

Question 34

why shouldn't data showing discontinuous variation be calculated a mean for

Answer 34

the values of characteristics showing discontinuous variation usually fall into discrete categories -meaning that if a mean is calculated, it may not fall into one of these categories. -many of these characteristics do not have a numerical value

Question 35

describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured

Answer 35

-continuous variation -as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes -Normal distribution -very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small -

Question 36

describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured

Answer 36

-continuous variation -as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes -Normal distribution -very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small -most would be within one standard deviation of the mean

Question 37

analogous structures

Answer 37

structures developed to perform same function but have separate genetic origin

Question 38

explain why a large number of mosquitos would become resistant to DDT after mass exposure

Answer 38

A mutation occurred/ existed in mosquitos DNA which made them DDT resistant -these organisms survived exposure to DDT and reproduced -mutation which caused resistance is passed onto offspring -frequency of DDT resistant allele increases in the population

Question 39

using examples, state the positive and negative effect on humans of recent examples of evolution in some species

Answer 39

-Flavobacterium digests nylon waste + used to clean up factory waste -MRSA antibiotic resistance (-) no longer killed using current antibiotic treatment -Sheep blowfly insecticide resistance (-) no longer killed by it so they kill more sheep

Question 40

explain importance of sampling when measuring biodiversity of a habitat

Answer 40

-CAn't count every individual - sample provides an estimate -sample is representable

Question 41

explain difference between species richness and evenness and why both measurement are needed to assess biodiversity [4mrk]

Answer 41

richness is number of species evenness is abundance/number of individuals of each species both are needed to reveal dominance high biodiversity associated with high species richness and high species evenness

Question 42

outline significance of a low value of simpsons diversity index [2]

Answer 42

-dominated by one or few species ecosystem/habitat is unstable / less likely to cope with change `

Question 43

define the term phylogeny and explain how it is related to classification

Answer 43

-is teg ecolutionary relationship between/history of organisms/species phylogeny is teh basis of classification molecular evidence used to classify species within same group have shared phylogeny/common ancestor

Question 44

what are homologous structures

Answer 44

structures which appear to be different but have the same underlying structure