Classification - Module 4 Flashcards
Define classification
Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences
Define taxonomy
The study of classification
What is a dichotomous key
A key used to identify organisms based on observable features, offering two possible answers to a question
Who first classified things into living Kingdoms
Carl linnaeus
What were the five Kingdoms
- Animals,
- plants (all green plants),.
-fungi open ( moulds, mushroom, yeast),
-prokaryotes(bacteria, blue-green algae) - protists
What are the 8 different divisions of classification
Domain,
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order
FAMILY
Genus
Species
Who proposed the idea of domains
Carl Woese
What are the three domains
Domain Archaea, Domain bacteria, Domain eukarya
What does domain Archaea contain
Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains one Kingdom, Archaebacteria
What does domain bacteria contain
1 Kingdom = Eubacteria
What does domain eukarya contain
-Contains all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
-ptotista
-Fungi
-Anamalia
-Plantae
how do we use Binomial naming in Biology for classification of organisms
-Latin name
Two parts: (Genus species) underlined
E.g: Homo sapiens
reasons for classification
-Identify species
-predict characteristics
-Find evolutionary links
ehy do we use binomial nomenclature
may have more than one common name
diffent names in other languages
Info about relationships between organsims
What are the four more modern uses of evidence when classifying organisms
1)Embroyological
2) Palaeontology = study of Fossils
3)Anatomical
4)Biochemistry: Molecular evidence e.g cytochrome C (a protein in respiration). important molecules are highly conserved
what have we found out about evolution from palaeontology
- simple lifeforms evolved into more complex ones
- Animals need plants to survive (plants existed before animals)
- find out how closely related organisms might be based on similarities/differences in their structure
- find out if certain current living organisms are related to certain extinct organisms
problems with palaeontology
incomplete fossil record
How did new technology result in new discoveries in modern classification?
1)Microscopes with improved res and mag
2)DNA/RNA sequencing
3)protein sequencing
Why was prokaryotes split into bacteria and archea
Due to advancements in technology, scientists descovered differences which implied that they evolved separately
E.g: bonds of lipids in cell membrane are different
How can you tell it two organisms are closely related using Cytochrome C?
The less differences in amino acids within the sequence, the closer related they are
Which is the Genus in :
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
Dicerorhinus
Define phylogeny
The study of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Explain how genetic trees can aid classification
Common ancestors
, which group diverged First from common ancestor
, the order of divergent groups
, All species that diverged from the original common ancestor
, how closely related species are
An animal is monophyletic if it
Diverge from common ancestor
intraspecific variation
variation within a species
when do you accept the null hypothesis of a t test
if t is less than the critical value, accept Nul
what are adaptations
a feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival, reproduction and the chances of its offspring reproducing successfully
what are the 3 types of adaptation
-Behavioural: the way an organism acts
-Anatomical: internal and external physical features
-Physiological: Process that take place inside an organism
What are analogous Structures
-Structures that perform the same role but are very different
-They have adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin
e.g: wings of birds, bats, insects
example of convergent evolution
what is convergent evolution
This is where unrelated species eith different evolutionary origin begin to share similar traits
these similarities (adaptations) evolve as the organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures
Natural selection Q writing frame
-Variation of ____ within a species
-This is likely to have been caused by a mutation
-There is a selection pressure of ____ within environment
-The ____ with the ____ is an advantage because ___
-This means that ___ are more likely to survive + reproduce
-The alleles for ___ are passed onto the next generations
-Over time, the number of ___ increases
interspecific variation
Between species
describe the difference between environmental and genetic control of characteristics that show discontinuous and continuous variation
characteristics which show discontinuous variation are purely controlled by genetics.
-normally controlled by a single gene
characteristics which show continuous variation are controlled by a combination of genetic and environmental causes
-controlled by a number of genes/polygenes
why shouldn’t data showing discontinuous variation be calculated a mean for
the values of characteristics showing discontinuous variation usually fall into discrete categories
-meaning that if a mean is calculated, it may not fall into one of these categories.
-many of these characteristics do not have a numerical value
describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured
-continuous variation
-as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes
-Normal distribution
-very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small
-
describe the pattern of variation that would be seen if the if the body mass of all wild rabbits was measured
-continuous variation
-as controlled by both genetic and environmental causes
-Normal distribution
-very few rabbits would be extremely large or extremely small
-most would be within one standard deviation of the mean
analogous structures
structures developed to perform same function but have separate genetic origin
explain why a large number of mosquitos would become resistant to DDT after mass exposure
A mutation occurred/ existed in mosquitos DNA which made them DDT resistant
-these organisms survived exposure to DDT and reproduced
-mutation which caused resistance is passed onto offspring
-frequency of DDT resistant allele increases in the population
using examples, state the positive and negative effect on humans of recent examples of evolution in some species
-Flavobacterium digests nylon waste + used to clean up factory waste
-MRSA antibiotic resistance (-) no longer killed using current antibiotic treatment
-Sheep blowfly insecticide resistance (-) no longer killed by it so they kill more sheep
explain importance of sampling when measuring biodiversity of a habitat
-CAn’t count every individual
- sample provides an estimate
-sample is representable
explain difference between species richness and evenness and why both measurement are needed to assess biodiversity [4mrk]
richness is number of species
evenness is abundance/number of individuals of each species
both are needed to reveal dominance
high biodiversity associated with high species richness and high species evenness
outline significance of a low value of simpsons diversity index [2]
-dominated by one or few species
ecosystem/habitat is unstable / less likely to cope with change `
define the term phylogeny and explain how it is related to classification
-is teg ecolutionary relationship between/history of organisms/species
phylogeny is teh basis of classification
molecular evidence used to classify
species within same group have shared phylogeny/common ancestor
what are homologous structures
structures which appear to be different but have the same underlying structure
