Biology weaknesses for June mocks

Question 1

what is an ester bond?

Answer 1

reaction between an acid and an alcohol, water molecule removed

Question 2

max resolution of TEM

Answer 2

0.0002 Mm

Question 3

description of image produced by TEM

Answer 3

2Dimage of cell interior

Question 4

description of image produced by SEM

Answer 4

3D image of surface

Question 5

max resolution of SEM

Answer 5

0.002 Mm

Question 6

how to calculate RF value

Answer 6

divide the distance travelled by the component - in other words, the distance from the starting pencil line to the coloured spot -by the distance travelled by the solvent

Question 7

the two cells produced by mitosis are ….

Answer 7

Genetically Identical

Question 8

What is a Totipotent stem cell

Answer 8

Can make all cell types

Zygote and early embryo cells are like this

Question 9

What is a Pluripotent stem cell

Answer 9

Capable of producing all cells derived from a particular germ layer: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.

Present in early embryos

Question 10

What is a multipotent stem cell

Answer 10

Can make a restricted range of related cell types

E.g: haemopoietic stem cells make red, white blood cells and platelets

Question 11

What happens in G1 mitosis

Answer 11

Growth (biosynthesis)

Proteins made , organelles replicate

Question 12

What happens in S in interphase

Answer 12

DNA synthesis

Question 13

What happens in G2 of interphase

Answer 13

Further growth of cell

Checks DNA for errors

Question 14

What does the p wave in an electrocardiograph represent

Answer 14

Contraction of the atria

Question 15

What is the main peak of the heartbeat in an electrocardiograph called

What is it caused by

Answer 15

QRS complex

Contraction of the ventricles

Question 16

What is the T wave in and electrocardiogram caused by

Answer 16

Relaxation of the ventricles

Question 17

What does the electrocardiogram represent?

Answer 17

The changes in electrical charge in the heart

Contraction = lose electrical charge (depolarise)

Relaxes = regain charge (repolarise)

Question 18

How does Tachycardia affect the heart

Answer 18

Fast heart rate at rest, around 120mph

Question 19

How does Bradycardia affect the heart

Answer 19

Slow heart rate (around 50bpm)

Question 20

How does poor atrial Contraction effect the heart

How does it show on graph

Answer 20

Shown thru low or unclear P wave, blood isn’t entering ventricles correctly

Question 21

How Ectopic heartbeat effect heart rate

Answer 21

An ‘extra’ heartbeat interrupting regular rhythm

Can be a ‘one off’

Question 22

How Atrial flutter affect heart ?

Answer 22

Large regular P waves, atria beating too fast

Question 23

How Fibrillation affect heart

Answer 23

Very irregular heartbeat. Lose rhythm

Question 24

How ventricular hypertrophy affect ECG

Cause?

Answer 24

Can be seen as tall R wave on ECG trace.

Caused by thick ventrical wall

Question 25

Bigeminy heart condition

Answer 25

Each normal heart beat is followed by a premature heartbeat

Question 26

Components of capillary

Answer 26

-one cell thick Endothelium

Question 27

Components of veins

Answer 27

- Little smooth muscle or elastic fibre - Endothelium - Collagen fibre surrounding outside - contain valves - wide lumen

Question 28

Components of Artery

Answer 28

- Thick muscular walls surrounding elastic tissue - Endothelium folded allowing it to expand under pressure - small lumen - Collagen fibres surrounding outside

Question 29

Phagocytes _______ pathogens

Answer 29

Engulf

Question 30

What do you need to say about setting up and using a potometer

Answer 30

-dry leaves, let shoot acclimatise -cut shoot underwater, at a slant -all apparatus set up underwater -reservoir present to prevent air bible entering plant -take capillary tube out of water and blot to create air bubble -

Question 31

Is this in standard form? 3000000

Answer 31

No standard form is 3x10^6

Question 32

How is a guard cell specialised for its function

Answer 32

Thin outer walls and thicker inner walls. | To allow water in so that it swells to change shape (to close and open stomata)

Question 33

How is a root hair cell specialised for its function

Answer 33

Many mitochondria, Thin permeable cell wall Extension protruding from cell. Increase SA, mitochondria for active transport

Question 34

How is a palisade cell specialised for function

Answer 34

Lots of chloroplast to absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis

Question 35

How are elastic fibres used in the airways

Answer 35

Recoil of alveoli and lungs

Question 36

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of

Answer 36

Peptodiglycan

Question 37

What is the fungal cell wall made from

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

What is the plant cell wall made from

Answer 38

Cellulose

Question 39

How are squamous Epithelial cell specialised for function

Answer 39

squat/flat cells -once cell thick To create short diffusion distance

Question 40

PH is

Answer 40

The change in concentration of hydrogen ions

Question 41

Are there relatively more or less hydrogen ions in Acid

Answer 41

More hydrogen bonds

Question 42

Care competitive inhibitors reversible?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

What are opsonins

Answer 43

Molecules, usually antibodies, that bind to antigens and mark for cell phagocytosis Increase likelihood of phagocytosis

Question 44

Name 3 bacterial diseases and state if they're plant or animal

Answer 44

- tb animal - Bacterial meningitis, A - ring rot, plant, potato

Question 45

Name 3 viral diseases and state whether they're animal or plant

Answer 45

- hiv/aids, animal - influenza, animal - TMV, plant

Question 46

Name 2 potist diseases and state whether they're plant or animal

Answer 46

- malaria, animal | - Potato blight, P

Question 47

Name the primary non specific defenses animals have against pathogens

Answer 47

- skin - lysozyme - expulsive reflexes - mucus membranes - BLOOD CLOTTING + WOUND REPAIR

Question 48

Percentage change formula

Answer 48

(Finial-initial) /initial

Question 49

what is the pathogen that causes malaria

Answer 49

Plasmodium

Question 50

What is meant by autoimmune disease

Answer 50

- abnormal immune response | - against tissues normally in the body

Question 51

How do T cells speed up clonal selection of B cells

Answer 51

- helper T cells stimulated by antigen-presenting cells - release cytokines/ interleukins - these stimulate B cell clonal expansion

Question 52

4 ways potatoes defend against pathogen

Answer 52

- leaf drop/abscission - necrosis - release toxic chemical - produce callose

Question 53

Phloem transports

Answer 53

Assimilates amino acids Sucrose

Question 54

How does temperature effect thr erate of transpiration

Answer 54

Increases rate of evaporation

Question 55

Evidence for translocation

Answer 55

- rate of movement of sugars in phloem is faster than what diffusion could achieve alone - companion cells decrease the pH of surrounding tissues

Question 56

How is translocation linked to respiration

Answer 56

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP

Question 57

Magnification of TEM

Answer 57

500,000

Question 58

Mag of SEM

Answer 58

100,000

Question 59

How does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing

Answer 59

Reduce surface tention

Question 60

Why does hydrostatic pressure decrease as blood moves away from the heart

Answer 60

-fluid moves out of blood -enters tissue fluid -down pressure gradient -proteins too large to leave capillary wall -HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE GREATER THAN WATER POTENTIAL -

Question 61

Why is the left ventricle thickest

Answer 61

- needs more force - pushes blood against greater resistance - Pumps blood at higher pressures - pumps blood to entire body

Question 62

Two advantages of keeping blood in vessels

Answer 62

Maintain higher blood pressure Increase rate of flow Flow can be directed

Question 63

explain why fetal haemoglobin curve is to left of adult curve

Answer 63

- placenta has low PO2 - Adult haem will dissociate at lower PO2 - fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for o2 - fetal haemoglobin is able to take up 02 in placenta at low pO2

Question 64

when does oxygen associate to haemoglobin

Answer 64

at high pO2

Question 65

max resolution of light microscopes

Answer 65

0.2 Mm

Question 66

what process do channel proteins do

Answer 66

facilitated diffusion

Question 67

what process do carrier proteins do

Answer 67

active transport

Question 68

3 roles of plasma membranes

Answer 68

- partially permeable barrier, control what enters + leaves - site of chemical reactions - receptors for hormones + drugs to bind

Question 69

What is pinocytosis

Answer 69

Liquid absorbed by cell

Question 70

What is phagocytosis

Answer 70

Liquid absorbed