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Biology > Biology weaknesses for June mocks > Flashcards

Biology weaknesses for June mocks Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an ester bond?

A

reaction between an acid and an alcohol, water molecule removed

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2
Q

max resolution of TEM

A

0.0002 Mm

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3
Q

description of image produced by TEM

A

2Dimage of cell interior

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4
Q

description of image produced by SEM

A

3D image of surface

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5
Q

max resolution of SEM

A

0.002 Mm

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6
Q

how to calculate RF value

A

divide the distance travelled by the component - in other words, the distance from the starting pencil line to the coloured spot -by the distance travelled by the solvent

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7
Q

the two cells produced by mitosis are ….

A

Genetically Identical

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8
Q

What is a Totipotent stem cell

A

Can make all cell types

Zygote and early embryo cells are like this

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9
Q

What is a Pluripotent stem cell

A

Capable of producing all cells derived from a particular germ layer: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.

Present in early embryos

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10
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell

A

Can make a restricted range of related cell types

E.g: haemopoietic stem cells make red, white blood cells and platelets

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11
Q

What happens in G1 mitosis

A

Growth (biosynthesis)

Proteins made , organelles replicate

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12
Q

What happens in S in interphase

A

DNA synthesis

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13
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase

A

Further growth of cell

Checks DNA for errors

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14
Q

What does the p wave in an electrocardiograph represent

A

Contraction of the atria

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15
Q

What is the main peak of the heartbeat in an electrocardiograph called

What is it caused by

A

QRS complex

Contraction of the ventricles

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16
Q

What is the T wave in and electrocardiogram caused by

A

Relaxation of the ventricles

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17
Q

What does the electrocardiogram represent?

A

The changes in electrical charge in the heart

Contraction = lose electrical charge (depolarise)

Relaxes = regain charge (repolarise)

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18
Q

How does Tachycardia affect the heart

A

Fast heart rate at rest, around 120mph

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19
Q

How does Bradycardia affect the heart

A

Slow heart rate (around 50bpm)

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20
Q

How does poor atrial Contraction effect the heart

How does it show on graph

A

Shown thru low or unclear P wave, blood isn’t entering ventricles correctly

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21
Q

How Ectopic heartbeat effect heart rate

A

An ‘extra’ heartbeat interrupting regular rhythm

Can be a ‘one off’

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22
Q

How Atrial flutter affect heart ?

A

Large regular P waves, atria beating too fast

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23
Q

How Fibrillation affect heart

A

Very irregular heartbeat. Lose rhythm

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24
Q

How ventricular hypertrophy affect ECG

Cause?

A

Can be seen as tall R wave on ECG trace.

Caused by thick ventrical wall

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25
Q

Bigeminy heart condition

A

Each normal heart beat is followed by a premature heartbeat

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26
Q

Components of capillary

A

-one cell thick Endothelium

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27
Q

Components of veins

A
  • Little smooth muscle or elastic fibre
  • Endothelium
  • Collagen fibre surrounding outside
  • contain valves
  • wide lumen
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28
Q

Components of Artery

A
  • Thick muscular walls surrounding elastic tissue
  • Endothelium folded allowing it to expand under pressure
  • small lumen
  • Collagen fibres surrounding outside
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29
Q

Phagocytes _______ pathogens

A

Engulf

30
Q

What do you need to say about setting up and using a potometer

A

-dry leaves, let shoot acclimatise
-cut shoot underwater, at a slant
-all apparatus set up underwater
-reservoir present to prevent air bible entering plant
-take capillary tube out of water and blot to create air bubble
-

31
Q

Is this in standard form?

3000000

A

No standard form is 3x10^6

32
Q

How is a guard cell specialised for its function

A

Thin outer walls and thicker inner walls.

To allow water in so that it swells to change shape (to close and open stomata)

33
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised for its function

A

Many mitochondria, Thin permeable cell wall Extension protruding from cell.
Increase SA, mitochondria for active transport

34
Q

How is a palisade cell specialised for function

A

Lots of chloroplast to absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis

35
Q

How are elastic fibres used in the airways

A

Recoil of alveoli and lungs

36
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of

A

Peptodiglycan

37
Q

What is the fungal cell wall made from

A

Chitin

38
Q

What is the plant cell wall made from

A

Cellulose

39
Q

How are squamous Epithelial cell specialised for function

A

squat/flat cells
-once cell thick

To create short diffusion distance

40
Q

PH is

A

The change in concentration of hydrogen ions

41
Q

Are there relatively more or less hydrogen ions in Acid

A

More hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Care competitive inhibitors reversible?

A

Yes

43
Q

What are opsonins

A

Molecules, usually antibodies, that bind to antigens and mark for cell phagocytosis

Increase likelihood of phagocytosis

44
Q

Name 3 bacterial diseases and state if they’re plant or animal

A
  • tb animal
  • Bacterial meningitis, A
  • ring rot, plant, potato
45
Q

Name 3 viral diseases and state whether they’re animal or plant

A
  • hiv/aids, animal
  • influenza, animal
  • TMV, plant
46
Q

Name 2 potist diseases and state whether they’re plant or animal

A
  • malaria, animal

- Potato blight, P

47
Q

Name the primary non specific defenses animals have against pathogens

A
  • skin
  • lysozyme
  • expulsive reflexes
  • mucus membranes
  • BLOOD CLOTTING + WOUND REPAIR
48
Q

Percentage change formula

A

(Finial-initial) /initial

49
Q

what is the pathogen that causes malaria

A

Plasmodium

50
Q

What is meant by autoimmune disease

A
  • abnormal immune response

- against tissues normally in the body

51
Q

How do T cells speed up clonal selection of B cells

A
  • helper T cells stimulated by antigen-presenting cells
  • release cytokines/ interleukins
  • these stimulate B cell clonal expansion
52
Q

4 ways potatoes defend against pathogen

A
  • leaf drop/abscission
  • necrosis
  • release toxic chemical
  • produce callose
53
Q

Phloem transports

A

Assimilates
amino acids
Sucrose

54
Q

How does temperature effect thr erate of transpiration

A

Increases rate of evaporation

55
Q

Evidence for translocation

A
  • rate of movement of sugars in phloem is faster than what diffusion could achieve alone
  • companion cells decrease the pH of surrounding tissues
56
Q

How is translocation linked to respiration

A

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP

57
Q

Magnification of TEM

A

500,000

58
Q

Mag of SEM

A

100,000

59
Q

How does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing

A

Reduce surface tention

60
Q

Why does hydrostatic pressure decrease as blood moves away from the heart

A

-fluid moves out of blood
-enters tissue fluid
-down pressure gradient
-proteins too large to leave capillary wall
-HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE GREATER THAN WATER POTENTIAL
-

61
Q

Why is the left ventricle thickest

A
  • needs more force
  • pushes blood against greater resistance
  • Pumps blood at higher pressures
  • pumps blood to entire body
62
Q

Two advantages of keeping blood in vessels

A

Maintain higher blood pressure

Increase rate of flow

Flow can be directed

63
Q

explain why fetal haemoglobin curve is to left of adult curve

A
  • placenta has low PO2
  • Adult haem will dissociate at lower PO2
  • fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for o2
  • fetal haemoglobin is able to take up 02 in placenta at low pO2
64
Q

when does oxygen associate to haemoglobin

A

at high pO2

65
Q

max resolution of light microscopes

A

0.2 Mm

66
Q

what process do channel proteins do

A

facilitated diffusion

67
Q

what process do carrier proteins do

A

active transport

68
Q

3 roles of plasma membranes

A
  • partially permeable barrier, control what enters + leaves
  • site of chemical reactions
  • receptors for hormones + drugs to bind
69
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Liquid absorbed by cell

70
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Liquid absorbed

Biology (45 decks)

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