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Biology > Animal Responses(Brain + Muscles) - Module 5 > Flashcards

Animal Responses(Brain + Muscles) - Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Frontal Lobe – concerned with higher brain functions such as decision making, reasoning, planning and consciousness of emotions. It includes the motor cortex which stores information about how to carry out different movements.​

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2
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Parietal lobe – concerned with orientation, movement, sensation, calculation and types of recognition and memory.

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3
Q

Occipital lobe

A

. Occipital lobe – Visual cortex, concerned with processing information from the eyes including vision, colour, shape and perspecive.

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4
Q

Cerebellum –

A

coordinates muscular movement
balance + Posture

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5
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Temporal Lobe – concerned with processing auditory information i.e. Hearing, sound, recognition of speech. Also involved in memory.

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres

-Controls voluntary action
-personality
-learning
-memory
-conscious thoughts

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7
Q

Coordinated Movement - cerebellum

A

Fine control of muscular movements e.g. walking, requires significant level of nonconscious operation. ​

Neurones from cerebellum carry impulses to motor areas so effectors can be adjusted appropriately – autopilot.

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

monitors our internal environment via hormones and or nervous impulse

Monitoring composition of blood plasma (concentration of water and blood glucose)​

Main control of the autonomic nervous system (functions of organs etc.)
control endocrine glands. ​

​

Two centres – parasympathetic and sympathetic​

​

Controls complex patterns of behaviour (feeding, sleeping, aggression) depending on environment

Producing hormones

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9
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

AUTONOMIC CONTROL

Controls action of smooth muscle in gut wall and controls breathing movements as well as heart rate. ​

Controls reflex activities (ventilation, heart rate)​

Controls swallowing, peristalsis and coughing

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10
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Found at the Base of the hypothalamus. t controls most of glands in body. Divided into two sections: ​

Anterior pituitary (front section) -

Posterior pituitary (back section) -

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

(front section)- produces six hormones including follicle – stimulating hormone (FSH), which is involved in reproduction and growth hormones

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12
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

(back section) - stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus, such as ADH involved in urine production

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13
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal chord

relay neurones

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

3 components

A

everything other than CNS
-receptors
-sensory neurones
-Motor Nuerones

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15
Q

Sensory neurones

A

from receptors

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16
Q

Motor neurones

A

to effector

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17
Q

Somatic motor neurone

A

CNS to skeletal muscle – (conscious control, voluntary) (myelinated)​

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18
Q

Autonomic motor neurone

A

Autonomic motor neurone (CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle in gut and glands – not under voluntary control)
(2 types sympathetic and parasympathetic) (non-myelinated)​

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19
Q

Peripheral nervous system splits into …

A

– two different systems: somatic and autonomic nervous systems​

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20
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

– controls conscious activities​

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21
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls unconscious activities.
Split up in to sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (have opposite effects)​

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22
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases activity

“fight or flight” system, releases noradrenaline​

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Reduces activity

“rest and digest” system,

releases Acetylcholine​

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24
Q

What does high conc. of CO2 do to pH
why

A

= increase in carbonic acid = increase H ions = Decrease pH

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25
Q

The heart rate changes depending on ..

A

Blood pressure, pH of Blood, Stress response

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26
Q

what is blood pressure detected by

what do they do in response to this

A

Blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors

Baroreceptors send nerve impulses along sensory neurones to the cardioregulatory centres in the medulla oblongata.

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27
Q

Where are Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found

A

in the aorta and carotid artery.​

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28
Q

If BP is too low the cardiovascular centre sends impulses…

Neurones secrete …

A

If BP is too low the cardiovascular centre sends nerve impulses along the sympathetic neurones to the SAN to increase heart rate.​

Neurones secrete noradrenaline which binds to receptors on SAN.

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29
Q

High blood pH (high O2, low CO2)

A

Chemoreceptors detect changes and send impulses along sensory neurones to cardiovascular centre. ​

Impulse sent along parasympathetic neurones. ​

These secrete acetylcholine which bind receptors on SAN. ​

Decreases heart rate.

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30
Q

Low blood pH (low O2, high CO2)

A

Chemoreceptors detect changes and send impulses along sensory neurones to cardiovascular centre. ​

Impulse sent along sympathetic neurones. ​

These secrete noradrenaline which bind receptors on SAN. ​

Increases heart rate.

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31
Q

the medulla oblongata splits into which two cardioregulatory centres

A

cardiostimulatory centre

Cardioinhibitory centre

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32
Q

If pH is too high or Blood pressure is too high, how is the heart rate controlled

A

Chemo or baroreceptors detect these changes.
send impulse to Medulla Oblongata
to cardioinhibitory centre.
Cardioinhibitory centre triggered to send impulse along Vagus nerve. Releases acetylcholine. bind to SAN which reduces heart rate

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33
Q

If pH is too low or Blood pressure is too low, how is the heart rate controlled

A

Chemo or baroreceptors detect these changes.
send impulse to Medulla Oblongata
to cardiostimulatory centre.
Cardiostimulatory centre triggered to send impulse along accelerator nerve to SAN which increases heart rate

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34
Q

How do hormonmes controll the heart rate

A

Adrenal medulla releases Adrenaline and Noradrenaline which bind directly to SAN and to increase frequency of signals released

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35
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm- A muscle cell’s cytoplasm. Lots of mitochondria are found within the sarcoplasm

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36
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Sarcolemma- cell membrane of muscle fibres.

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37
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

Transverse (T) tubules- Folds in the sarcolemma that stick into the sarcoplasm. Help to spread electrical impulses throughout sarcoplasm

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38
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum- A network of internal membranes that store and release calcium ions needed for muscle contraction

39
Q

Myofibrils

A

Myofibrils- Long, cylindrical organelles made of protein within a muscle fibre that are highly specialised for contraction

40
Q

Myofibrils

A

Each muscle contains lots of these
Long cylindrical organelles made of protein and specialised for contraction
Collectively very powerful
Made of 2 protein filaments:
- actin
-Myosin
Made up of many sarcomeres

41
Q

The sliding filament model

A

Muscle contraction is explained by the sliding filament model- when myosin and actin filaments slide over each other to make the sarcomere contract.
Simultaneous contraction of lots of sarcomeres means the myofibrils and muscle fibres contract
Sarcomeres return to their original length when the muscle relaxes.

42
Q

At its resting state, what is bound to the myosin head?

A

ADP

43
Q

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

sometimes a chemical may block the release of the neurotransmitter or affect the way it binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. This may prevent the action potential from being passed on to the muscle, so the muscle won’t contract

44
Q

what is Pancuronium bromide

A

non-depolarising, neuromuscular blocking drug. Competes against ACh for the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, binding to them so that the action of ACh is blocked and t he muscle cell does not depolarise. IT is used during surgery as it relaxes muscles.

45
Q

How to reverse the action of pancuronium bromide

A

inhibit action of AChE so that the concentration of ACh increases. This means that it can out compete the drug for available nicotinic cholinergic receptors

46
Q

where does energy for muscle contraction come from

A

1) Aerobic respiration

2)Anaerobic respiration

3) ATP-Creatine phosphate

47
Q

What is ATP-Creatine phosphate

How is it made

A

ATP made by phosphorylating ADP, Pi from Creatine phosphate(CP) . CP stored inside cells. CP runs out after a few seconds. Used in short bursts during vigorous exercise. Anaerobic system, Doesn’t make lactate

48
Q

Proteins present in A band

A

Myosin and Actin

49
Q

Proteins present in H zone

A

Myosin

50
Q

Proteins present in I band

A

Actin

51
Q

Proteins present in Z line

A

Actin

52
Q

Proteins present in Z line

A

Actin

53
Q

Proteins present in Sarcomere

A

Myosin, Actin

54
Q

Proteins present in M line

A

Myosin

55
Q

actin

A
  • actin: thinner filament, 2 strands twisted
56
Q

myosin

A

: thicker filament, long rod-shaped fibres with bulbous heads

57
Q

what happens during contraction to A band

A

stays same

58
Q

what happens during contraction to H zone

A

gets shorter

59
Q

what happens during contraction to I band

A

Gets shorter

60
Q

what happens during contraction to Z line

A

Get closer together

61
Q

what happens during contraction to Sarcomere

A

gets shorter

62
Q

what happens during contraction to M line

A

stays the same

63
Q

what is the H zone

A

Zone that contains myosin only within A band

64
Q

what is a Z line

A

The ends of each sarcomere are marked with a Z line

65
Q

what does skeletal muscle control

A

Conscious movements

66
Q

what does smooth muscle control

A

unconscious movement

67
Q

what does cardiac muscle control

A

Involuntary movement

68
Q

where is smooth muscle located

A

in walls of hollow internal organs
e.g: gut, blood vessels, bladder

69
Q

where is cardiac muscle located

A

walls of heart

70
Q

length of fibres of skeletal muscle

A

can be many centimeters long

71
Q

length of fibres of smooth muscle

A

approx 0.2 mm

72
Q

length of fibres of cardiac muscle

A

approx 0.1 mm

73
Q

Shape of muscle fibres in skeletal muscle

A

Tubular

74
Q

Shape of muscle fibres in smooth muscle

A

Spindle shaped with pointed ends

75
Q

Shape of muscle fibres in cardiac muscle

A

Branched cylinders connected by intercalated disks

76
Q

number of nuclei of skeletal muscle

A

multinucleate

77
Q

number of nuclei of smooth muscle

A

uninucleate

78
Q

number of nuclei of cardiac muscle

A

uninucleate

79
Q

are the cross striations visible under light microscopes in skeletal muscle fibres

A

yes

80
Q

are the cross striations visible under light microscopes in smooth muscle fibres

A

no

81
Q

are the cross striations visible under light microscopes in cardiac muscle fibres

A

some, not as strong

82
Q

Length and speed of contraction of skeletal muscle

A

-Short - contract quick and fatigue quick

-long - contract and fatigue slowly. usually for endurance and posture

83
Q

Length and speed of contraction of smooth muscle

A

Contract slowly and don’t fatigue

84
Q

Length and speed of contraction of cardiac muscle

A

Contract rhythmically and don’t fatigue

85
Q

outline effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS on resting heart rate
(3mrk)

A

-sympathetic increases heart rate
-parasympathetic slows heart rate
-idea that parasympathetic is dominant at rest

86
Q

Knee-jerk reflex process

A

1)Tap under kneecap causes patellar tendon to stretch, also stretches extensor muscle
2)Sends reflex arc impulse through sensory neurone
3)Reflex signal goes along one motor neurone, causing Extensor muscle to contract
4)Relay Neurone inhibits the other motor neurone of flexor muscle -> Relax
5)Leg kicks due to antagonistic muscle action

(is an example of a spinal reflex)

87
Q

what is a cranial reflex

A

(involves the brain)

88
Q

Blinking reflex process

A

1)Cornea irritated
2)Triggers impulse along sensory neurone
3)Relay neurone in Lower brain stem Passes impulse along
4)Signal branches off in motor neurone to eyelid muscles
5)Both eyes shut as a consensual response

89
Q

why are reflexes important for survival

A

Reflexes are involuntary actions , prevents overloading

are innate

are extremely fast

Some are everyday actions e.g: blinking

90
Q

How is the blinking reflex used by doctors

A

Used to assess whether a patient is braindead (brain stem is functioning or not)a
as it is a cranial reflex
the relay neurone involved exists in the lower brain stem. So if lower brain stem is functioning, blinking reflex still occurs

91
Q

Mechanisms of sliding filament model -> STIMULATION

A

1) An action potential from a motor neurone depolarises the sarcolemma-
2) this spreads down the T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3) The sarcoplasmic reticulum voltage gated calcium ion channels open
4) The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. Ca2+ diffuses through sarcoplasm
5) The calcium ions bind to troponin which causes it to change shape.
6) This pulls the attached tropomyosin out of the actin-myosin binding site on the actin filament. the binding site is exposed

92
Q

Attachment stage of muscle contraction

A
  1. As the binding site is exposed, the myosin head can bind forming an actin-myosin cross bridge.
  2. (Binding causes) Myosin filament flexes, pulls actin along
  3. (Binding causes) releases ADP
93
Q

Detachment stage of muscle contraction

A
  1. ATP now binds to Myosin head (as ADP was just released).
  2. Changes conformational shape. so that Myosin head Detaches from actin myosin binding site
  3. Calcium ions bind to myosin head and activate the enzyme ATPase which hydrolyses ATP to ADP + Pi
  4. Energy released returns myosin head to original position
  5. Myosin head attaches to next A-M binding site.
  6. process repeats
94
Q

When the muscle stops being stimulated…..

A

When the muscle stops being stimulated, calcium ions leave their binding sites on the troponin molecules and are moved back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
The troponin molecules move back to their original shape, pulling the attached tropomyosin molecules with them. This blocks the actin-myosin binding sites again.

Biology (45 decks)

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