Mock reflection/sept common deadline Flashcards
what stain binds to phosphate group of DNA to make chromosomes more visable under light microscope?
what charge is it and why?
Methylene blue - a positively charged dye
sugar phosphate backbone has a negative charge `
what reaction occours in the breakdown of sucrose?
what monosaccharides are produced?
Hydrolysis reaction, producing a glucose and fructose
how is atrial fibrilation shown on an ecg
Irregular p wave
what does intraspecific continuous mean
intra= between species
cont=Not on a range (e.g colour)
from a solution of starch and amylase, out of an iodine, Benedicts, buiret and Emulsion test, which would show a negative result?
the emulsion test
Explain how the genetic code in the gene for tubulin codes for the protein tubulin (2 mrks)
- 3 bases code for one amino acid
-sequence of basses determine primary structure
-non-overlapping
suggest 2 ways tubulin is essential for protein synthesis and protein secretion in eukaryotic cells
- transport of VESICLES in microtubules from RER to golgi apparatus
-Transport of SECRETORY VESICLE from golgi to plasma membrane
max res, image appearance, image colour of laser scanning confocal microscope
res : 200nm
appearance: 2D/3D
colour= colour
max res, image appearance, image colour of = SE microscope
res: 3-10 nm
appearance= 3D
colour = black and white (may be digitally edited)
max res, image appearance, image colour of TEM
res: 0.5nm
appearance= 2D
colour = black and white
why wouldn’t whit blood cells need to be crushed before adding detergent when extracting DNA
Animal cells don’t have cell walls
why s detergent used when extracting DNA
To break down the phospholipid bilayer
what enzyme should be used to extract DNA
Protease, to break down histones/proteins associated with DNA
what is meant by personalised medicine
development of drug treatments linked to genotype
what is meant by synthetic biology
Synthesis of new genes/organisms
5 ways in which selection of participants in a study of resting tidal volume of boys and girls age 12 - 19 can be completed to make the study more valid
-random selection
-healthy participants
-include a range of fitness / height/ build
-equal boys to girls
-equal numbers of each age group
suggest reasons for a (fast) increase in (MRSA)
-not completing entire antibiotic treatment
-over prescription of methicillin
-large % increase due to fast generation rate
how does glycogen differ from amylopectin to make it better suited as an energy store for animals
-1-4 glycosidic bonds so very compact
-more free ends (1mrk) where glucose can be added and removed (1mrk) which speeds up glucose hydrolysis (1mrk)
describe how to create 4 different enzyme concentrations using tenfold serial dilutions. start by adding 1cm of 1% trypsin and 9cm distilled water
-shake / mix tube
-remove 1cm^3 from tube 1, add this and 9cm^3 distilled water to tube 2
- repeat process for tubes 4 and 3`
how to control xoncentration of hydrogen peroxide solution in an experiment
use a know concentration
how to use apparatus to conduct study of effect of temperature on rate of reaction of catalase. Liver tissue, water bath, measuring cylinder, hydrogen peroxide solution, stopwatch, bubbles of oxygen shown on diagram
-record starting meniscus/ ensure measuring cylinder is full of water
-add liver to hydrogen peroxide and start stopwatch
-read/check volume of water displaced at 30 second time intervals
-stopwatch
how to use temperature coefficient
rate of reaction at temperature X + 10.C / rate of reaction at temperature X .C
(it is usually around 2 for enzymes)
how to use temperature coefficient
rate of reaction at temperature X + 10.C / rate of reaction at temperature X .C
(it is usually around 2 for enzymes)
4 features of organisms belonging to kingdom protoctista
-autotrophic or heterotrophic
-most are unicellular
-most are aquatic
-eukaryotic
when making an evaluation. what do you need at the end?
A conclusion, involving judgement.
explain hoe pairing of nitrogenous bases allows identical copies of DNA to be made
-through hydrogen bonding
-If one base is known, it can pair with only one other base
-purine only bind with pyrimidine as they are different sizes
outline how the process of DNA replication is completed, following the pairing of nitrogenous bases
(3mrk)
-sugar phosphate backbone reforms
-DNA polymerase
-reaction between phosphate and sugar
-DNA winds into double helix
tidal volume
volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each resting breath
-around 500cm
-around 15% of vital capacity in lungs
inspiratory reserve volume
max ammount of air yo can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation
homologous structure
a structure which seems superficially different ( may perform different functions) in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
divergent evolution
Divergent evolution represents the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period
Convergent evolution
the process by which two species develop similar features despite not sharing a recent common ancestor. Evolutionary biologists explain these similar characteristics as the product of natural selection
What part of the heart beat can you hear
Closing of the valves
what does the presance of Co2 do to the sigmoidal curve of oxygen association
Shifts it to the right
why are booster jabs used (vaccine)
make more memory cells
