practical investigation Flashcards
practical report title
an observational research to investigate the differences of safe and unsafe behaviour between adults behaviour with and without children when crossing the road
why is this practical investigation useful?
- road safety skills are essential for children to learn
- requires complex skills: judgement, processing info, predicting actions of others
what did the department for transport in England and Wales estimate?
that during 2020, 1 child died per week and 10, 457 were injured whilst crossing the road
what could be the reason for the statistic from transport
they are more impulsive and there brains are still developing risk awareness
what is the practical investigation linked to?
bandura’s social learning theory
How may social learning theory and children learning to cross the road safely link
hint: scenario
- A parent walking with a child in the street may MODEL safe ways of crossing (explicitly demonstrating ‘stop’ and ‘look’)
- child IDENTIFIES with the adults as they see them as a ROLE MODEL
- They observe and note the safe road crossing behaviours
- Display their learning through imitation of this behaviour later
which researcher starting with M supported crossing road behaviour and the link to SLT
MUIR et al
77% of adults surveyed felt that they were their child’s primary learning source for road safety
when adults are teaching their child new things, what other learning theory may this link to
operant conditioning
what is a scenario with road safety that links to operant conditioning
- a reinforcer increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated- verbally praising a child for crossing safely
- a punishment is something unpleasant to stop a behaviour- if a child went to run across the road a parent may shout, so the child knows they are in trouble
what happens when adults are not in the company of children when crossing the road
they take more risks when crossing as they are not trying to model good behaviour
aim
the am of this naturalistic observation is to investigate the difference in behaviour of adults with and without children when crossing the road
what two types of behaviour sampling techniques were used in this investigation
event sampling (quantitative)
continuous sampling (qualitative)
what is the hypothesis for this investigation
there will be a significant difference between number of adults crossing the road with and without children and the number of safe versus unsafe behaviours they display (operationalised by the highway code)
what was some of the method
consists of both men and women with children in Reigate town at 1 o’clock
we used a data sheet, phone and pens
it was a naturalistic observation to see if there are any differences
what sampling method was it
opportunity sampling
what statistical test was used to analyse the data
chi square
how do we know to use chi-square
- difference
- nominal
-unrelated
how many safe crossing behaviours were there will children or w.o children
w children- 10
w.o children- 5
how many unsafe crossing behaviours were there with children or w.o children
w children- 7
w.o children- 18
what were the results of the chi-square
x^2 = 5.74
were the results significant
yes
what were some behaviours seen with children
waited for green man
glanced up
held hand
interact with child
what were some behaviours seen without children
on phone
ran across the road
did not wait for green man
what qualitative method was used to analyse data
thematic analysis
what were some themes
following green cross code
instructing children
distracted behaviour
what were some conclusions from thematic analysis
adults WITH children follow guidelines and show cautious behaviour
adults WITH OUT children, don’t follow green cross code as they are impatient
2 strengths
- high in reliability, standardised procedures such as only taking note when the behaviour occurred as well as staying in the same place
- High in ecological validity,
covert in a naturalistic environment, took note of behaviour at traffic lights
2 weaknesses
- low in validity- might not have enough time to note all behaviour down, due to human observers, so cameras may have been better
- ethical concerns-
people do not know they are being observed and did not gain informed consent
BUT
people are expected to be observed in pubic BPS
what are two improvements that can be made
to increase the ethical standards of the study
gain informed consent
increase the validity by using cameras
