practical investigation

Question 1

practical report title

Answer 1

an observational research to investigate the differences of safe and unsafe behaviour between adults behaviour with and without children when crossing the road

Question 2

why is this practical investigation useful?

Answer 2

1. road safety skills are essential for children to learn
2. requires complex skills: judgement, processing info, predicting actions of others

Question 3

what did the department for transport in England and Wales estimate?

Answer 3

that during 2020, 1 child died per week and 10, 457 were injured whilst crossing the road

Question 4

what could be the reason for the statistic from transport

Answer 4

they are more impulsive and there brains are still developing risk awareness

Question 5

what is the practical investigation linked to?

Answer 5

bandura’s social learning theory

Question 6

How may social learning theory and children learning to cross the road safely link

hint: scenario

Answer 6

1. A parent walking with a child in the street may MODEL safe ways of crossing (explicitly demonstrating ‘stop’ and ‘look’)
2. child IDENTIFIES with the adults as they see them as a ROLE MODEL
3. They observe and note the safe road crossing behaviours
4. Display their learning through imitation of this behaviour later

Question 7

which researcher starting with M supported crossing road behaviour and the link to SLT

Answer 7

MUIR et al
77% of adults surveyed felt that they were their child’s primary learning source for road safety

Question 8

when adults are teaching their child new things, what other learning theory may this link to

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

what is a scenario with road safety that links to operant conditioning

Answer 9

1. a reinforcer increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated- verbally praising a child for crossing safely
2. a punishment is something unpleasant to stop a behaviour- if a child went to run across the road a parent may shout, so the child knows they are in trouble

Question 10

what happens when adults are not in the company of children when crossing the road

Answer 10

they take more risks when crossing as they are not trying to model good behaviour

Question 11

aim

Answer 11

the am of this naturalistic observation is to investigate the difference in behaviour of adults with and without children when crossing the road

Question 12

what two types of behaviour sampling techniques were used in this investigation

Answer 12

event sampling (quantitative)
continuous sampling (qualitative)

Question 13

what is the hypothesis for this investigation

Answer 13

there will be a significant difference between number of adults crossing the road with and without children and the number of safe versus unsafe behaviours they display (operationalised by the highway code)

Question 14

what was some of the method

Answer 14

consists of both men and women with children in Reigate town at 1 o’clock

we used a data sheet, phone and pens

it was a naturalistic observation to see if there are any differences

Question 15

what sampling method was it

Answer 15

opportunity sampling

Question 16

what statistical test was used to analyse the data

Answer 16

chi square

Question 17

how do we know to use chi-square

Answer 17

• difference
• nominal
  -unrelated

Question 18

how many safe crossing behaviours were there will children or w.o children

Answer 18

w children- 10
w.o children- 5

Question 19

how many unsafe crossing behaviours were there with children or w.o children

Answer 19

w children- 7
w.o children- 18

Question 20

what were the results of the chi-square

Answer 20

x^2 = 5.74

Question 21

were the results significant

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

what were some behaviours seen with children

Answer 22

waited for green man
glanced up
held hand
interact with child

Question 23

what were some behaviours seen without children

Answer 23

on phone
ran across the road
did not wait for green man

Question 24

what qualitative method was used to analyse data

Answer 24

thematic analysis

Question 25

what were some themes

Answer 25

following green cross code
instructing children
distracted behaviour

Question 26

what were some conclusions from thematic analysis

Answer 26

adults WITH children follow guidelines and show cautious behaviour

adults WITH OUT children, don’t follow green cross code as they are impatient

Question 27

2 strengths

Answer 27

1. high in reliability, standardised procedures such as only taking note when the behaviour occurred as well as staying in the same place
2. High in ecological validity,
   covert in a naturalistic environment, took note of behaviour at traffic lights

Question 28

2 weaknesses

Answer 28

1. low in validity- might not have enough time to note all behaviour down, due to human observers, so cameras may have been better
2. ethical concerns-
   people do not know they are being observed and did not gain informed consent
   BUT
   people are expected to be observed in pubic BPS

Question 29

what are two improvements that can be made

Answer 29

to increase the ethical standards of the study
gain informed consent

increase the validity by using cameras