developed social learning theory (pack 4)

Question 1

What is the main essence of SLT

Answer 1

that people learn through observation of others

Question 2

what is observational learning

Answer 2

the process of learning takes place from watching someone rather than doing something oneself

Question 3

what does this observation learning concept propose

Answer 3

that people watch others and copy the actions of others to form new behaviours
‘monkey see, monkey do’

Question 4

what are the 4 stages of observational learning

Answer 4

1. behaviour is MODELLED by a ROLE MODEL - that can be a parent, media personality etc.
2. The observer IDENTIFIES with the role model
3. The behaviour is OBSERVED and noted
4. The behaviour is IMITATED and so it is learned. Whether it is repeated again depends on reinforcement and rewards

Question 5

what is self-efficacy

Answer 5

when a person knows their own ability to do something and is confident that they will be able to succeed

Question 6

what are the cognitive elements which are involved in observational learning

Answer 6

when observing, learner has to pay attention to the important parts of the behaviour in order to store that behaviour to memory

Question 7

why is motivation important when carrying out behaviours

Answer 7

as the consequences of the action of the role model are involved in deciding whether or not to carry out the behaviour.

Question 8

what must the child have to carry out the behaviour

Answer 8

the physical ability to complete that action

Question 9

what are the factors that govern whether a modelled behaviour is imitated is:

Answer 9

1. it is observed
2. it is payed attention to
3. it is stored in memory- retention
4. it is rewarded in such a way that there is motivation to reproduce the action (reproduction and motivation)

Question 10

what is the acronym for the cognitive processes involved in SLT

Answer 10

Attention- attention must be payed to role model
Retention- individual must store what they have attended to
reproduction- the showing of the modelled behaviour
motivation- if a reward is offered for a behaviour
(ARRM)

Question 11

what is another key principle of SLT

Answer 11

vicarious learning

Question 12

what did Bandura propose using vicarious learning

Answer 12

vicarious reinforcement

Question 13

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 13

reinforcement can occur through others being reinforced
SLT explains that learning takes place through direct reinforcement and vicarious reinforcement

Question 14

what are 3 examples of vicarious learning

Answer 14

1. vicarious reinforcement- a person works hard because a colleague has been rewarded for hard work
2. vicarious punishment- someone does not park in a particular place because he or she has seen someone getting a parking ticket there
3. vicarious extinction- people stop doing something because they have seen that people are not being rewarded for doing it

Question 15

what are 3 different additional factors that increases the likelihood of behaviour being imitated

Answer 15

1. if you regard yourself as simialr to each other
2. if they are perceived by the observers as important or prestigious
3. if the behaviour is observable- more likely to be imitated

Question 16

evidence in support

Answer 16

great deal of supporting evidence which are lab based and have standardised procedures
Bandura et al (1961)
hitting the bobo doll the same way

Question 17

methodology (strength)

Answer 17

lab based experiments which were carried out with high levels of internal validity due to controls
cause and effect links- 1961 and 1963 study he ensured kids were matched on aggression levels
increases credibility

Question 18

applications (s)

Answer 18

can explain how humans learn aggressive behaviour and this info is used to develop therapies and treatments
for example, modelling therapies- learning alternatives to aggressive behaviours through observinga role model…this could be used for children with aggressive behaviours pattern

Question 19

methodology (w)

Answer 19

ecological validity- may be low as theory was experimental and lab based, we cannot generalise to realm life situations as the aggressive behaviour observed may not be natural

generalisability is lowered due to methods used in research, as the ppt used throughout the experiments were from stanford uni nursery…maybe biased
this theory has been successfully tested in many other settings and countries

Question 20

alternatives (w)

Answer 20

challenge SLT as a full explanation of human behaviour
bio psych may explain aggressive behaviour sue to role of brain structures such as the amygdala and PFC

Question 21

evidence against (w)

Answer 21

raine et al explains aggression in terms of bio factors rather than SLT this is shown when PET scans of 41 murderers showing areas where dysfunctional