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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Practical Exam 2 PhysioEx > Flashcards

Practical Exam 2 PhysioEx Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if the frog heart is stimulated during the relaxation phase of the contraction cycle?

A

and extrasystole (extra ventricular contraction) can be created

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2
Q

What would prevent the heart from pumping blood properly? (2)

A

tetanus and wave summation

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3
Q

Without what phase, will blood flow from the heart stop? Why?

A

relaxation; it allows the ventricles to fill with blood

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4
Q

the long refractory period of cardiac muscle prevents…(2)

A

tetanus and wave summation

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5
Q

stimulation of the vagus nerve does what to the heart rate?

A

decreases it

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6
Q

how does the vagus nerve conduct signals to the heart?

A

parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

what would happen if the vagus nerve is severed?

A

the heart rate would increase because it would no longer be slowed by the parasympathetic division

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8
Q

what can occur if the vagus nerve is stimulated too much?

A

vagal escape

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9
Q

vagal escape

A

caused by the sympathetic reflexes or initiation of a rhythm by the Purkinje fibers

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10
Q

why is Ringer solution required to maintain heart contractions?

A

since it contains ions like chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium needed for the cardiac cells to undergo contractions

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11
Q

what does a decrease in temperature do to heart rate?

A

decreases it

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12
Q

what does a increase in temperature do to heart rate?

A

increases it

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13
Q

_____ and _____- an adrenergic chemical modifier, increases heart rate similar to sympathetic stimulation

A

epinephrine, atropine

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14
Q

both _____ and _____ are cholinergic chemical modifiers that function similar to acetylcholine- reducing heart rate

A

pilocarpine, digitalis

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15
Q

ions can be _____ and/or _____

A

chronotropic, inotropic

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16
Q

addition of _____ to the ringer solution caused an increase in heart rate

A

calcium

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17
Q

calcium is a _____ chronotropic and ______ inotropic agent

A

positive, positive

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18
Q

what is a way to reduce blood pressure?

A

using calcium channel blockers that reduce heart contraction force and rate

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19
Q

what are calcium ions important for in cardiac muscle cells? (2)

A
  • plateau of the action potential in myocardiocytes
  • also used during active muscle contraction
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20
Q

addition of _____ and _____ to the ringer solution caused the heart rate to decrease and then become erratic, why?

A

sodium, potassium
- these are involved in the depolarization and repolarization phases

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21
Q

during obstructive diseases such as _____ _____ and ____, the airway radius decreases

A

chronic bronchitis, asthma

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22
Q

what can you measure to tell if someone has chronic bronchitis or asthma?

A

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

23
Q

what is indicative of an obstructive problem and not a restrictive problem?

A

as airway radius decreases, there was a corresponding decrease in the FEV

24
Q

people suffering from _____ have lungs that have less elastic recoil

A

emphysema

25
Q

what causes the residual volume to increase in those with emphysema?

A

inspiration becomes easier, (greater compliance), expiration requires more muscular effort, leaving more air inside the lungs

26
Q

people suffering from _____ experience greater resistance to inspiration and expiration

A

asthma

27
Q

what do athma treatments do?

A

the cause dilation (relaxation of the smooth muscle) of the airways to reduce resistance to airflow

28
Q

what is used to diagnose if a person is suffering from obstructive or restrictive lung disease?

A

FEV1/FVC ratio

29
Q

what is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

80%

30
Q

people suffering from emphysema or acute asthma have _____ respiratory system and have a FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 80%

A

obstructive

31
Q

the intrapleural pressure is normally _____ than the air pressure within the alveoli

A

less

32
Q

what happens if the intrapleural pressure and alveolar pressure are equal?

A

the lung collapses

33
Q

the alveoli are coated in a fluid that does what? (2)

A
  • protect them
  • promote gas exchange
34
Q

at a gas-liquid boundary, molecules in a fluid tend to..

A

stick together, creating surface tension

35
Q

what substance is released by septal cells in the alveoli to decrease surface tension there?

A

surfactant

36
Q

the more surfactant added, the _____ the reduction of surface tension and the _____ the flow rate

A

greater, greater

37
Q

what happens if surfactant is absent?

A

this is seen in premature infants, the surface tension in the alveoli would be too high to allow them to fill with air

38
Q

since the pleural cavity exerts _____ pressure than the air pressure inside the alveoli, they remain inflated

A

less

39
Q

enzymes

A

mostly proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions

40
Q

what can affect enzyme function? (2)

A

pH and temperature

41
Q

what could happen if you boil and enzyme?

A

it might unfold, and upon cooling it might not fold back properly and lose its function, this is seen in tube 1

42
Q

what happens if you freeze an enzyme?

A

nothing, it will retain its structure and function upon thawing, as seen in tube 2

43
Q

what was IKI used for?

A

to detect the presence of starch

44
Q

what was Benedict’s reagent used for?

A

to detect the presence of reducing sugars like glucose of maltose

45
Q

what shows that amylase works well at pH 7?

A

in tube 3, all of the starch hydrolyzed into monosaccharide components (glucose) since the IKI test was negative while the Benedict’s test was positive

46
Q

what happened in tubes 7 and 8?

A

both the IKI and Benedict’s tests were positive
- they had different pH buffers causing amylase functions to decrease

47
Q

what was tube 5?

A

it was a control to ensure that the starch did not spontaneously break down into glucose and required the presence of functional amylase to hydrolyze

48
Q

what was tube 6?

A

it was a control to ensure that the Benedict’s test was detecting the presence of reducing sugar, this was maltose

49
Q

what was tube 4?

A

it was another control, this tube lacked starch so it was to ensure a positive IKI and Benedict’s test were due to the presence of starch and its reducing sugar and not because of the presence of the amylase of the buffer

50
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that is composed of glucose linked in a different fashion than starch

51
Q

what result from the IKI test would occur if there is cellulose present?

A

a positive one

52
Q

will amylase break down cellulose? why or why not?

A

no, it’s glucose molecules are linked in a different fashion

53
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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