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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 3 - Olfaction, Taste, and Endocrine > Flashcards

Lesson 3 - Olfaction, Taste, and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

where are chemoreceptors located for taste and smell?

A

the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity

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2
Q

how are chemoreceptors distributed throughout the nasal cavity?

A

non-uniformly

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3
Q

oral cavity includes (5)

A
  • dorsal tongue
  • soft palate
  • epiglottis
  • pharynx
  • interior cheeks
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4
Q

three types of papillae

A

foliate
fungiform
vallate

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5
Q

foliate papillae

where are they located?

A

located on the side walls of posterior tongue

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6
Q

fungiform papilae

where are they located?

A

located on the superior surface

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7
Q

vallate papillae

A

arranged in a V formation on the posterior surface

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8
Q

taste buds

A

composed of globular arrangements of gustatory epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells

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9
Q

gustatory epithelial cells

A

the receptor cell responsible for taste sensation, developed from support cells

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10
Q

basal epithelial cells

A

stem cells that develop into support cells

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11
Q

taste pore

A

opening that exposes taste cell microvilli (gustatory hairs) to the oral cavity

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12
Q

gustatory hair

A

from gustatory epithelial cell; contact with certain chemicals causing the gustatory receptor to depolarize

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13
Q

what nerve carries sensory info from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

facial VII

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14
Q

what nerve carries info from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal IX

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15
Q

what nerve carries sensory info from the pharyngeal area?

not glossopharyngeal

A

vagus X

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16
Q

endocrine system

A

helps nervous system coordinate/integrate body activity by releasing hormones into the circulation system

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17
Q

a specific hormone affects only?

A

its target cell

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

attached to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum (stalk) and has two functional lobes

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19
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

where does the anterior pituitary release its hormone?

A

through the hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

hypophyseal portal system (3)

A

primary and secondary capillary beds and the hypophyseal portal veins

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22
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

gonadotropin regulating gonad gamete production/hormone activity

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23
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin regulating gonad gamete production/hormone activity

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24
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

regulates adrenal cortex activity

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25
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

regulates activity of thyroid gland

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26
Q

tropic hormones (4)

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

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27
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

regulated body/muscle/bone growth

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28
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

regulates breast development/lactation in females

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29
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

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30
Q

six hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH, LS, ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL

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31
Q

oxytocin

what does it stimulate?

A

stimulates uterine contract (birth and coitus) and milk ejection in lactation

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32
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates kidney collecting tubules to reabsorb water from urinary filtrate and increased blood pressure via vasoconstriction of aterioles

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33
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release? (2)

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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34
Q

pineal gland

A

located on the roof of the 3rd ventricle in the brain

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35
Q

melatonin

A

involved in biological rhythms; may have inhibitory effect on reproductive system (prevents precocious sexual maturation)

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36
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

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37
Q

thyroid

A

located in the throat

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38
Q

what hormones does the thyroid release?

A

thyroid hormone (TH); thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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39
Q

thyroid hormone (TH)

A

controls body metabolism and cellular oxidation

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40
Q

calcitonin

A

increases calcium deposit in bones; decreases blood calcium levels

41
Q

parathyroid glands

A

located on posterior surface of thyroid

42
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

releases calcium from bones calcium, stimulates kidneys to activate vitamin D and reabsorb more calcium from filtrate

43
Q

what does too little PTH cause?

A

tetany- prolonged muscle spasms

44
Q

thymus

A

located behind the sternum and above the heart

45
Q

what hormones does the thyroid produce? (3)

A

thymulin, thymosins, and thymopoietin

46
Q

thymulin, thymosins, and thymopoietin are responsible for what?

A

maturation/specialization for T lymphocytes used in the immune response

47
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on the kidneys

48
Q

the adrenal medulla is controlled by what?

A

the sympathetic system

49
Q

the adrenal cortex releases what?

A

corticosteroids

50
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone; regulate sodium reabsorption in kidney tubule

51
Q

glucocorticoids (3)

A

cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone; increase blood glucose to resist stress

52
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

androgens, estrogens; sex hormones

53
Q

what can too much gonadocorticoids do?

A

cause hirsutism and masculinization

54
Q

hirsutism

A

excess hair most often noticeable around the mouth and chin

55
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the stomach, produces digestive enzymes + insulin and glucagon

56
Q

what does the pancreas produce? (3)

A

insulin and glucagon/digestive enzymes

57
Q

insulin

A

decreases blood glucose levels

58
Q

what does too little insulin cause?

A

diabetes mellitus

59
Q

what does too much insulin cause?

A

hypoglycemia

60
Q

glucagon

A

increased blood glucose levels

61
Q

gonads

A

reproductive organs

62
Q

ovaries

A

located in the pelvic cavity

63
Q

what do the ovaries produce?(2)

A

estrogens and progesterone

64
Q

estrogens (3)

A

stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle and mammary glands for lactation

65
Q

progesterone (3)

A

regulates menstrual cycle, uterine musculature in pregnancy, and mammary glands for lactation

66
Q

testes

A

located in the scrotum

67
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

68
Q

testosterone (3)

A

stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, maturation of reproductive organs, and responsible for sex drive

69
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: olfactory epithelium
B: olfactory tract
C: olfactory bulb

70
Q

Label A-C

A

A: olfactory tract
B: olfactory epithelium
C: olfactory bulb

71
Q

Label D-F

A

D: cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
E: filaments of olfactory nerve
F: olfactory axon

72
Q

Label G-I

A

G: olfactory stem cell
H: olfactory sensory neuron
I: supporting cell

73
Q

Label J and K

A

J: dendrite
K: olfactory cilia

74
Q

Label the figure

A

A: olfactory stem cell nucleus
B: olfactory cilia
C: lumen of nasal cavity

75
Q

Label the figure

A

A: foliate papillae
B: epiglottis
C: lingual tonsil
D: fungiform papillae

76
Q

Label the figure

A

A: vallate papilla
B: taste bud

77
Q

Label the figure

A

A: taste fibers of cranial nerve
B: basal epithelial cells
C: gustatory epithelial cells
D: taste pore
E: gustatory hair

78
Q

Label the figure

A

A: basal epithelial cells
B: gustatory epithelial cells
C: taste pore

79
Q

Label A-C

A

A: pineal gland
B: hypothalamus
C: pituitary gland

80
Q

Label D-F

A

D: thyroid gland
E: parathyroid glands
F: thymus

81
Q

Label the figure

A

A: adrenal glands
B: pancreas
C: ovary (female)
D: testis (male)

82
Q

Label A and B

A

A: hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic nuclei
B: superior hypophyseal artery

83
Q

Label C and D

A

C: hypothalamic neurons in the paraventricular nuclei
D: neurons in the ventral hypothalamus

84
Q

what is E?

A

E: infundibulum (connecting stalk)

85
Q

Label A-C

A

A: hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
B: inferior hypophyseal artery
C: neurohypophysis

86
Q

where is the storage area for hypothalamic hormones?

A

neurohypophysis

posterior pituitary

87
Q

Label D-F

E is asking what hormones are released here

A

D: posterior pituitary
E: oxytocin/antidiuretic hormone
F: venule

88
Q

Label G-I

H is asking what hormones are released here (6)

A

G: venule
H: TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL
I: secretory cells of the adenohypophysis

89
Q

Label J-L

A

J: anterior pituitary
K: secondary capillary plexus
L: hypophyseal portal veins

90
Q

Label M and N

A

M: primary capillary plexus
N: hypophyseal portal system

91
Q

what does the hypophyseal portal system consist of? (3)

A
  • primary capillary plexus
  • hypophyseal portal veins
  • secondary capillary plexus
92
Q

Label the figure

A

A; pineal gland
B: pituitary gland

93
Q

Label the figure

A

thyroid gland

94
Q

Label the figure

A

adrenal glands

95
Q

Label the figure

A

adrenal glands

96
Q

Label the figure

A

adrenal glands

97
Q

Label the figure

98
Q

Label the figure

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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