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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 8 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Lesson 8 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what do digestive organs do? (4)

A

ingest, digest, absorb food, and eliminate waste

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2
Q

how is food physically broken down?

A

chewing - mastication

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3
Q

how is food chemically broken down?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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4
Q

two main groups in the digestive system

A
  1. alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract
  2. accessory digestive organs
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5
Q

alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of…(6)

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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6
Q

accessory digestive organs consists of…(5)

A
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
  • gallbladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
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7
Q

the alimentary canal consists of _____ tunics or layers

A

four

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8
Q

four tunics of the alimentary canal

A
  1. mucosa (mucous membrane)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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9
Q

where is the mucosa of the digestive tract found?

A

it lines the canal lumen

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10
Q

what functions does the mucosa perform? (5)

A

secretes: enzymes, mucus, hormones
absorbs: digestive foods
protects against bacteria

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11
Q

components of the mucus membrane (3)

A
  1. surface epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
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12
Q

the lamina propria is composed of…

A

areolar connective tissue

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13
Q

the muscularis mucosae is composed of…

A

smooth muscle (layers)

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14
Q

what is the submucosa composed of?

A

dense connective tissue

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15
Q

what structures can be found in the submucosa? (4)

A
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodules
  • intrinsic nerve fibers
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16
Q

submucosal plexus

A

intrinsic nerve fibers found in the submucosal layer of the digestive system

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17
Q

muscularis externa

A

a major regulatory of GI motility

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18
Q

the muscularis externa contains this nerve plexus

A

myenteric nerve plexus

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19
Q

the two layers of the muscularis externa

A
  1. circular muscle
  2. longitudinal muscle
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20
Q

serosa function

A

reduces friction

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21
Q

intrinsic nerve plexuses (2)

A
  • myenteric nerve plexus
  • submucosal nerve plexus
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22
Q

what is the outermost serosa layer in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum replaced with outside the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

the adventitia

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24
Q

what is the function of the adventitia?

A

used to anchor organs to the surrounding tissue

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25
Q

function of the mouth/oral cavity

A

breaks down food by mastication and chemical secretions from the salivary glands

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26
Q

what do the salivary glands secrete?

A

salivary amylase

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27
Q

pharynx

A

connects the oral cavity to the esophagus

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28
Q

the pharynx consists of…(2)

A

inner longitudinal muscles and outer circular constrictor layer

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29
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A

behind the nasal cavity

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30
Q

where is the oropharynx?

A

behind the oral cavity

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31
Q

where is the laryngopharynx?

A

spanning the epiglottis to the larynx

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32
Q

esophagus

A

extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach

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33
Q

describe how the composition of the esophagus changes as you move towards the stomach.

A

consists of skeletal muscle at the superior end, and smooth muscles at the area closer to the stomach

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34
Q

gastroesophageal sphincter

A

controls food passage into the stomach from the esophagus

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35
Q

what is the site of food breakdown?

A

the stomach

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36
Q

gastric glands are composed of what cell type?

A

parietal and chief cells

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37
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL (hydrochloric acid)

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38
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

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39
Q

pepsinogen

A

a hydrolytic enzyme

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40
Q

three muscular layers of the stomach

A
  1. longitudinal
  2. circular
  3. oblique
    muscles
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41
Q

three things gastric glands secrete

A
  • HCL
  • pepsinogen
  • mucus
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42
Q

why do gastric glands secrete mucus?

A

to protect the stomach from the HCl

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43
Q

four regions of the stomach

A
  • cardiac region
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric region
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44
Q

stomach: cardiac region

A

where food enters the stomach

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45
Q

stomach: fundus

A

superolateral to cardiac region

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46
Q

stomach: body

A

mid portion of the stomach

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47
Q

stomach: pyloric region

A

regulates food entry into the small intestine with the pyloric sphincter

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48
Q

what region of the stomach has the most digestion?

A

the pyloric region

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49
Q

where does the small intestine span? (2)

A

from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER to the ILEOCECAL VALVE

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50
Q

what is the small intestine anchored by?

A

mesentery

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51
Q

mesentery

A

double layered peritoneum

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52
Q

what are the aggregated lymphoid nodules within the small intestine?

A

Peyer’s patches

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53
Q

three subdivisions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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54
Q

small intestine: duodenum (2)

A
  • extends from the pyloric sphincter to jejunum
  • located around the head region of the pancreas
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55
Q

small intestine: jejunum

A

in the umbilical region, joins the duodenum to the ileum

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56
Q

small intestine: ileum

A

terminal portion, joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

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57
Q

the small intestine contains enzymes from these three locations

A
  • columnar epithelial cells
  • pancreas
  • liver
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58
Q

columnar epithelial cells secrete…

A

brush border hydrolytic enzymes

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59
Q

what do the brush border hydrolytic enzymes of the small intestine do?

A

completes digestion of materials in the small intestine

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60
Q

the pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine via the _____ _____

A

pancreatic duct

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61
Q

pancreatic duct

A

transports enzymes into the duodenum

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62
Q

the liver secretes enzymes into the small intestine via the _____ _____

A

bile duct

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63
Q

bile duct

A

transports bile from the liver to the duodenum

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64
Q

nearly all nutrient absorptions occurs where?

A

the small intestine

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65
Q

structural features of the small intestine to enhance absorption (3)

A
  • plicae circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli
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66
Q

small intestine: plicae circulares

A

deep folds in the mucosa and submucosa that help mix chyme

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67
Q

small intestine: villi

A

fingerlike projections of mucosa tunic

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68
Q

small intestine: microvilli

A

minute projections of the plasma membrane of columnar epithelial cells of the cells of mucosa

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69
Q

where does the large intestine span? (2)

A

from the ileocecal valve to the anus

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70
Q

teniae coli

A

three longitudinal muscle bands of the large intestine

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71
Q

what does the teniae coli cause in the large intestine?

A

pocket formations or haustra in the lumen

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72
Q

what is the major function of the large intestine?

A

to propel waste to the anus

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73
Q

the large intestine reabsorbs _____

A

water

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74
Q

the large intestine produces vitamins _____ and ____

A

B and K, from bacteria

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75
Q

subdivisions of the large intestine (5)

A
  • cecum
  • vermiform appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
76
Q

four subdivisions of the colon

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
77
Q

large intestine: cecum

A

connects to the ileum of the small intestine

78
Q

large intestine: vermiform appendix

A

connects to the cecum, vestigial organ

79
Q

large intestine: colon

A

connects the cecum to the rectum

80
Q

large intestine: rectum

A

connects colon to the anal canal

81
Q

large intestine: anal canal

A

has internal smooth muscle sphincter and external skeletal muscle sphincter

82
Q

the bulk of teeth is composed of _____

A

dentin - bonelike material

83
Q

what are teeth used for?

A

breaking up of food

84
Q

two regions of the tooth

A
  • crown
  • root
85
Q

tooth: crown

A

superior portion of the tooth

86
Q

what is the crown of teeth covered by?

A

enamel

87
Q

clinical crown

A

portion of the crown visible above the gums/gingiva

88
Q

tooth: root

A

outer surface attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament to hold the tooth in place

89
Q

cementum

A

the outer surface of the tooth underneath the gingiva

90
Q

salivary glands produce saliva containing _____ and _____ _____

A

mucin and salivary amylase

91
Q

what do mucin and salivary amylase do?

A

break down starch/polysaccharides into disaccharides

92
Q

three major salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
93
Q

salivary glands: parotid (2)

A

located anterior to the ear and ducts into the mouth via the parotid duct

94
Q

salivary glands: submandibular

A

located along the medial mandibular body, ducting under the tongue

95
Q

lingual frenulum

A

a fold of mucus membrane that’s located under the center portion of your tongue, helps anchor it to your mouth

96
Q

salivary glands: sublingual

A

located anterior on the floor of the mouth, ducting under the tongue

97
Q

the largest gland in the body is the…

A

liver

98
Q

where is the liver located?

A

inferior to the diaphragm

99
Q

what holds the liver in place?

A

falciform ligaments

100
Q

what does bile do?

A

emulsifies and breaks up fats

101
Q

bile leaves the liver through the _____ _____ _____

A

common hepatic duct

102
Q

bile enters the duodenum through the…

A

bile duct

103
Q

the functional unit of the liver is called a _____

A

lobule

104
Q

each lobule contains… (3)

A
  • hepatocytes
  • Kupffer cells
  • portal triads
105
Q

hepatocytes (2)

A

removes O2 and nutrients, also produces bile

106
Q

Kupffer cells

A

removes debris or bacteria

107
Q

a portal triad consists of (3)

A
  • portal arteriole
  • portal venule
  • bile duct
108
Q

portal triad: portal arteriole

A

branch of the hepatic artery and provides blood to the liver

109
Q

portal triad: portal venule

A

branch of the hepatic vein that carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system

110
Q

portal triad: bile duct

A

carries bile away from the liver

111
Q

blood is carried away from the liver on this path…(3)

A

central vein of lobule, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava

112
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

inferior surface of the liver

113
Q

what is the function of the gallbaldder?

A

it stores bile until needed

114
Q

bile from the liver is transported through the _____ _____ to the gallbladder for storage

A

cystic duct

115
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

across the posterior abdomen

116
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

digestive hydrolytic enzyme

117
Q

what is the purpose of the digestive hydrolytic enzyme?

A

it is high in bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme so the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes can work

118
Q

the pancreas releases its contents through the _____ _____

A

pancreatic duct

119
Q

Label A-C

A

A: oral cavity (mouth)
B: esophagus
C: liver

120
Q

Label D-F

A

D: small intestine
E: duodenum
F: jejunum

121
Q

Label G-I

A

G: ileum
H: anus
I: pharynx

122
Q

Label J-L

A

J: stomach
K: large intestine
L: transverse colon

123
Q

Label M-O

A

M: descending colon
N: ascending colon
O: cecum

124
Q

Label P-S

A

P: sigmoid colon
Q: rectum
R: appendix
S: anal canal

125
Q

Label A-C

A

A: liver
B: gallbladder
C: pancreas

126
Q

Label D-G

A

D: salivary glands
E: parotid gland
F: sublingual glands
G: submandibular gland

127
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: mucosa
B: epithelium
C: lamina propria
D: muscularis mucosae

128
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: glands in submucosa
B: submucosa

129
Q

Label A-C

A

A: intrinsic nerve plexus
B: myenteric nerve plexus
C: submucosal nerve plexus

130
Q

Label D-F

A

D: muscularis externa
E: longitudinal muscle
F: circular muscle

131
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: mesentery
B: serosa
C: epithelium (mesothelium)
D: connective tissue

132
Q

Label A-C

A

A: gastric glands
B: muscularis mucosae
C: mucosa

133
Q

Label D-F

A

D: submucosa
E: oblique layer
F: circular layer

134
Q

Label G and H

A

G: longitudinal layer
H: muscularis externa

135
Q

Label A-C

A

A: hard palate
B: soft palate
C: oral cavity

136
Q

Label D-F

A

D: uvula
E: oropharynx
F: epiglottis

137
Q

Label G-J

A

G: laryngopharynx
H: esophagus
I: trachea
J: tongue

138
Q

Label A-C

A

A: cardial part
B: esophagus
C: longitudinal layer

139
Q

Label D-F

A

D: circular layer
E: oblique layer
F: lesser curvature

140
Q

Label G, K and L

A

G: muscularis externa
K: duodenum
L: pyloric sphincter

141
Q

Label M-O

A

M: fundus
N: serosa
O: body

142
Q

Label P-R

A

P: lumen
Q: rugae of mucosa
R: greater curvature

143
Q

Label A-C

A

A: fundus
B: body
C: rugae of mucosa

144
Q

Label D and E

A

D: pyloric sphincter
E: pyloric antrum

145
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: rugae
B: gastric pit

146
Q

Label A-C

A

A: gastric pits
B: gastric pit
C: gastric gland

147
Q

Label D and E

A

D: parietal cell
E: chief cells

148
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: simple columnar epithelium
B: lamina propria
C: gastric pit
D: gastric glands

149
Q

Label A-C

A

A; liver
B: lesser omentum
C: pancreas

150
Q

Label D-F

A

D: stomach
E: duodenum
F: transverse mesocolon

151
Q

Label G-I

A

G: transverse colon
H: mesentery
I: greater omentum

152
Q

Label J-L

A

J: jejunum
K: ileum
L: visceral peritoneum

153
Q

Label M-O

A

M: parietal peritoneum
N: urinary bladder
O: rectum

154
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: small intestine
B: spread mesentery

155
Q

Label A-C

A

A: muscular layers
B; circular folds
C: villi

156
Q

Label D and E

A

D: vein carrying blood to the hepatic portal vessel
E: lumen

157
Q

Label A-C

A

A: absorptive cells
B: lacteal
C: goblet cells

158
Q

Label D-F

A

D: blood capillaries
E: intestinal crypt
F: muscularis mucosae

159
Q

Label G-I

A

G: duodenal gland
H: villus
I: enteroendocrine cells

160
Q

Label J-L

A

J: venule
K: lymphatic vessel
L: submucosa

161
Q

Label the figure.

A

microvilli (brush border)

162
Q

Label the figure.

A

villus

163
Q

Label A-C

A

A: transverse colon
B: superior mesenteric artery
C: haustrum

164
Q

Label D-F

A

D: ascending colon
E: ileum
F: ileocecal valve

165
Q

Label G-I

A

G: cecum
H: appendix
I: descending colon

166
Q

Label J-L

A

J: cut edge of mesentery
K: teniae coli
L: signmoid colon

167
Q

Label M-O

A

M: rectum
N: anal canal
O: external anal sphincter

168
Q

Label A-C

A

A: crown
B: neck
C: root

169
Q

Label D-F

A

D: enamel
E: dentin
F: pulp cavity (with blood vessels and nerves)

170
Q

Label G-J

A

G: gingiva
H: cementum
I: root canal
J: periodontal ligament

171
Q

Label A-C

A

A: falciform ligament
B: liver
C: gallbladder

172
Q

Label D-G

A

D: spleen
E: small intestine
F: small intestine
G: cecum

173
Q

Label A-C

A

A: falciform ligament
B: liver
C: gallbladder

174
Q

Label D-F

A

D: stomach
E: duodenum
F: transverse colon

175
Q

Label G-I

A

G: small intestine
H: cecum
I: urinary bladder

176
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: falciform ligament
B: right lobe of the liver
C: gallbladder
D: left lobe of the liver

177
Q

Label A-C

A

A: left lobe of the liver
B: hepatic vein
C: gallbladder

178
Q

Label D and E

A

D: bile duct
E: right lobe of the liver

179
Q

Label A-C

A

A: lobule
B: central vein
C: connective tissue septum

180
Q

Label D-F

A

D: interlobular veins
E: sinusoids
F: central vein

181
Q

Label G-I

A

G: bile canaliculi
H: bile duct (receives bile from bile canaliculi)
I: portal triad

182
Q

Label J-M

A

J: bile duct
K: portal venule
L: portal arteriole
M: portal vein

183
Q

Label A-C

A

A: right and left hepatic ducts of the liver
B: cystic duct
C: common hepatic duct

184
Q

Label D-F

A

D: bile duct and sphincter
E: accessory pancreatic duct
F: gallbladder

185
Q

Label G-J

A

G: duodenum
H: main pancreatic duct and sphincter
I: jejunum
J: pancreas

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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