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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 6 - Cardiovascular Dynamics and Physiolgy > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - Cardiovascular Dynamics and Physiolgy Flashcards

1
Q

blood flows through the body in what kind of system?

A

a closed circulation system

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2
Q

what can impact the rate of blood flow? (2)

A

the physical properties of blood and of blood vessels

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3
Q

what other factors can influence blood flow? (2)

A
  • blood pressure
  • peripheral resistance
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4
Q

blood flow equation

A

deltaQ: amount of blood flowing through the area
P: blood pressure; force of blood against vessels
n: ‘thickness’ of blood
r: radius of vessel
l: length of vessel blood travels through

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5
Q

the heart can only pump blood that is held…

A

within its ventricles

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6
Q

diastole (2)

A

relaxation, heart chamber is able to fill with blood

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7
Q

end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

blood volume in ventricles before contraction

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8
Q

systole (2)

A

contraction, chamber pushes blood out

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9
Q

end systolic volume (ESV)

A

blood volume remaining after ventricular

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10
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction

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11
Q

stroke volume equation

A

EDV-ESV
end-diastolic - end-systolic

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12
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

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13
Q

cardiac output equation

A

SV x heart rate (in bpm)

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14
Q

as you increase the radius of blood vessels, the peripheral resistance of blood flow _____

A

decreases

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15
Q

radius of blood flow is _____ proportional to peripheral resistance

A

exponentially

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16
Q

how does the body regulate blood vessel radius?

A

through contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscles in those vessels, controlled by the ANS

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17
Q

what is an advantage of slowing blood flow at capillaries?

A

to increase the time for nutrient/waste exchange

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18
Q

as blood viscosity increases, blood flow _____

A

decreases

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19
Q

the relationship between viscosity and blow flow is…

A

negative exponential

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20
Q

ways in which blood viscosity increases (2)

A
  • number of blood cells increases like polycythemia
  • amount of plasma decreases like through dehydration
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21
Q

as vessel length increases, blood flow _____

A

decreases

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22
Q

vessel length is _____ proportional to blood flow

A

inversely/negative exponential (?)

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23
Q

why does resistance increase with vessel length?

A

blood flowing through a long vessel with interact with the walls for a greater period of time, producing more friction

24
Q

it is much easier for the body to control blood flow through what? Over what?

A

radius of blood vessels vs. trying to destroy and shorten blood vessels

25
Q

as pressure increases, flow _____

A

increases

26
Q

pressure is _____ proportional to blood flow

A

directly (linear relationship)

27
Q

how can the cardiovascular system increase blood flow?

A

causing an increase in blood pressure through increasing the force of cardiac muscle contraction

28
Q

what can high blood pressure to do vessels?

A

can damage them if they are not used to higher pressures, possibly bursting

29
Q

as the right radius increases, peripheral resistance _____ and blood flow _____

A

decreases, increases- right radius is the aorta (?)

30
Q

how does pressure remain the same even as the radius changes?

A

the increase in blood pressure by the heart when vessels dilate balances out the decrease in resistance

31
Q

as stroke volume increases, pump rate _____

A

decreases

32
Q

why does pump rate decrease with increased stroke volume?

A

the preload (amount of blood filling the ventricles) increases, it takes more time to push out that volume

33
Q

increases in stroke volume are balanced by…

A

decreases in heart rate to keep cardiac output the same

34
Q

why might an athlete’s heart rate be lower than normal?

A

their heart has a higher stroke volume and does not require as high of a heart rate to push the same amount of blood, they also have a lower afterload

35
Q

what does an aortic valve stenosis do to the heart?

A

increases afterload, aka the resistance to blood flow out of the heart

36
Q

what does the heart have to do to overcome a higher afterload?

A

the heart has to contract harder to create more pressure to force blood out

37
Q

someone with an aortic valve stenosis will have thicker _____

A

myocardium, the heart has to pump harder

38
Q

what is the mechanism the heart uses to compensate for an aortic valve stenosis?(2)

A

increase contractility by sympathetic stimulation, or norepinephrine/epinephrine release

39
Q

the heart has _____ and _____

A

automaticity and rhythmicity

40
Q

what does it mean for the heart to have automaticity and rhythmicity?

A

it can spontaneously depolarize in a regular and continuous manner to cause heart contractions

41
Q

contractions of the heart can be influenced by what two things?

A

parasympathetic or vagal stimulation, and sympathetic stimulation

42
Q

what can over stimulation of the parasympathetic system cause? how can it rescue itself?

A
  • the heart can stop beating !!
  • but it can ‘restart’ by means of vagal escape
43
Q

vagal escape

A

caused by sympathetic reflexed or rhythm initiation by Purkinje fibers

44
Q

since the heart can be influenced by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems…(3)…can affect heart rate/contractions.

A
  • direct stimulation of the systems can change heart rate
  • chemicals that affect the systems also affect the heart
  • ions can also affect heart contractions
45
Q

what ions can impact heart contraction? (3)

A

Ca2+, K+, and Na+

46
Q

What data is being shown by this graph?

A

vessel radius on pump activity
- right radius represents the aorta

47
Q

What is being displayed in this data?

A

blood vessel radius on pump activity (?)

48
Q

what does this graph show?

A

flow rate dependent on pressure

49
Q

what does this data show?

A

flow rate dependent on pressure

50
Q

what does this graph show?

A

flow rate vs. length of vessels

51
Q

what does this data show?

A

blood vessel length on blood flow rate

52
Q

what does this graph show?

A

flow rate vs. blood viscosity

53
Q

what does this data show?

A

blood flow vs. blood viscosity

54
Q

what does this graph show?

A

flow rate vs. vessels radius

55
Q

what does this graph show?

A

blood vessel radius vs. blood flow

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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