Lesson 7 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
the lymphatic system is composed of…(4)
lymphatic organs, tissues, nodes, and vessels
some lymphatic organs (3)
tonsils, thymus, and spleen
the lymphatic system functions to…(3)
- transport tissue fluid (lymph) to blood vessels and back into the circulatory system
- protect the body by removing foreign material like bacteria from the lymphatic stream
- acting as a site for lymphocyte multiplication
where are the tonsils located?
the pharyngeal region
where is the thymus located?
the thorax
when is the thymus most active?
during youth
where is the spleen?
curves around the left side of the stomach
where are Peyer’s patches located?
in the intestine
where is the appendix?
the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
what do lymphatic capillaries do?
they collect fluid (H2O and other proteins) that is not collected and transported through venules
collection/transport of lymph (6)
lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> right lymphatic duct/thoracic duct -> brachiocephalic vein
right lymphatic duct drains…(2)
lymph from the upper body in some people, in others it drains into veins of the neck
the thoracic duct drains lymph from…
pretty much everywhere except for where the right lymphatic duct drains
lymph vessels contain ___ tunics
three
what do lymph vessels have to prevent backflow?
one way valves
how is lymph moved through vessels?
flow of lymph caused by ‘squeezing’ of vessels by surrounding skeletal muscle contractions
two portions of lymph nodes
- medulla
- cortex
where are large lymph nodes located? (3)
- inguinal
- axillary
- cervical
regions
what are lymph nodes usually embedded in?
connective tissues
lymph nodes: cortex (2)
- inner cortex of T cells
- outer germinal center of B cells
B cells
produce antibodies
T cells (2)
- provide cellular immunity
- interact w/ foreign proteins and become activated to destroy foreign cells
lymph nodes: medulla
medullary cord contains mostly macrophages that destroy foreign matter that arrives in the fluid
five major classes of antibodies
- IgM
- IgG
- IgD
- IgA
- IgE
antibodies/immunoglobulins (2)
classified as gamma globulin plasma proteins; produced by sensitized B cells
sensitized B cells
B cells that have already been introduced to the antigen in question
immunoglobulin structure (2)
- light chains
- heavy chains
Ig heavy chains
larger than light chains, and also contain variable and constant regions
Ig light chains
contain a variable region for responses to antigens and a constant region
where is the antigen binding site?
the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains combined
what does binding of an antibody do?
immobilizes the antigen for phagocytosis or lysis
major role of the respiratory system
supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2
respiration has four distinct processes
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transportation of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
what two respiration processes are exclusive to the respiratory system?
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
pulmonary ventilation
air movement into/out of the lungs
external respiration
gas exchange in the lungs
transportation of respiratory gasses
transport of gasses to/from the lungs and the cardiovascular system
internal respiration
gas exchange in the tissues
upper respiratory system I (5)
- nose
- pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
nose
air enters through external nares (nostrils)
pharynx
receives air from the nasal/oral cavities, and connects the cavity with larynx
three components of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
posterior nasal cavity for air only
oropharynx
posterior oral cavity for air and food intake
laryngopharynx
posterior to the epiglottis at the juncture of the respiratory and digestive systems, for air and food intake
larynx
consists of 9 cartilages, composed of hyaline (except for the epiglottis, which is elastic cartilage)
the larynx has two parts
the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
larynx: thyroid cartilage
laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) is located here
larynx: cricoid cartilage
inferior to the thyroid cartilage
the mucous membrane of the larynx consists of (2)
- vestibular folds
- vocal folds
mucous membrane of the larynx: vestibular folds
upper folds that form the false vocal cords
mucous membrane of the larynx: vocal folds
lower folds that form the true vocal cords used for producing sounds and speech
trachea
leads air from the larynx
what is the trachea lined with?
mucous-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what does the lining of the trachea do?
moved dust, bacteria, and debris away from the throat and lungs
main (primary) bronchi
left and right branches serving the lungs
what do the primary bronchi divide into? (3)
smaller lobar (secondary) and then to segmental (tertiary) bronchi and finally to bronchioles
bronchioles are reinforced by…(2)
smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
the smallest branches of the bronchioles have no…?
hyaline cartilage
respiratory (terminal) bronchioles
are the beginning of…
beginning of the respiratory zone structures
respiratory (terminal) bronchioles branch into…
alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts contain many _____
alveoli
alveoli
are composed of…
composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
alveoli
what is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)
- alveolar squamous epithelium
- basal lamina
- capillary wall
what creates the air-blood barrier? (3)
- alveolar squamous epithelium
- basal lamina
- capillary wall
the lungs are composed mostly of…
elastic connective tissue
where are the lungs positioned in the body?
the thoracic cavity
where is the apex of the lungs?
beneath the clavicles
where is the base of the lungs?
resting on the diaphragm
each lung is enclosed in…
pleura
pleura
double-layered serous membrane
pleura membranes are separated by a _____ _____
pleural cavity
the layers of the pleura produce what? where? and for what purpose?
- serous fluid
- in the pleural cavity
- to lubricate and hold the layers together
parietal pleura
what is it, and where it is attached?
outer layer
- attached to the thoracic walls and diaphragm
visceral pleura
inner layer
- covers the lung tissue
the left lung has _____ lobes
two
the right lung has _____ lobes
three
two phases of pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration
- expiration
during inspiration, external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm _____
contract
during normal expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles _____
relax
what does the contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm do?
increases the volume inside the thoracic cavity since the lungs adhere to the inner walls, causing an expansion and in drawing in of air
what does the relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm do?
causes the thoracic cavity volume to decrease, ‘pushing’ out air
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of hair that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation (~1200ml)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal volume inhalation (~3100ml)
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inhaled/exhaled under resting conditions (~500)
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation (~1200)
vital capacity (VC)
max amount of hair that can be exhaled after max inspiration
VC equation
TV + IRV + ERV
total lung capacity (TLC) equation
vital capacity + residual volume
Label A-C
A: tonsils
B: thymus
C: spleen
Label D and E
D: Peyer’s patches
E: appendix
Label A-C
A: venous system
B: arterial system
C: lymphatic system
Label D-G
D: lymph duct
E: lymph trunk
F: lymph node
G: lymphatic collecting vessels (with valves)
Label H and I
H: blood capillaries
I: lymphatic capillaries
Label the figure.
A: blood capillaries
B: lymphatic capillaries
Label A-D
A; regional lymph nodes
B: cervical nodes
C: axillary nodes
D: inguinal nodes
Label E and F
E: entrance of right lymphatic duct into vein
F: entrance of thoracic duct into vein
Label G-I
G: thoracic duct
H: aorta
I: collecting lymphatic vessels
Label A-C
A: internal jugular veins
B: right jugular trunk
C: right lymphatic duct
Label D-F
D: right subclavian trunk
E: right subclavian vein
F: brachiocephalic veins
Label G-I
G: superior vena cava
H: azygos vein
I: esophagus
Label J-L
J: trachea
K: left jugular trunk
L: left subclavian trunk
Label M-P
M: left subclavian vein
N: entrance of thoracic duct into vein
O: thoracic duct
P: hemiazygos vein
Label A-C
A: cortex
B: lymphoid follicle
C: germinal center
Label D-F
D: afferent lymphatic vessels
E: efferent lymphatic vessels
F: hilum
Label G-I
G: medulla
H: medullary cord
I: medullary sinus
Label J and K
J: trabeculae
K: capsule
Label A-C
A: trabecula
B: capsule
C: follicles
Label D and E
D: medullary sinuses
E: medullary cords
Label A-D
A: heavy chain variable region
B: heavy chain constant region
C: light chain variable region
D: light chain constant region
Label E-G
E: antigen-binding site
F: heavy chain
G: light chain
Label H-J
H: hinge region
I: stem region
J: antigen-binding site
Label K-N
K: part of the Vh
L: antigen
M: antigenic determinant
N: part of VL
Label A-C
A: olfactory epithelium
B: nasopharynx
C: pharyngotympanic tube
Label D-F
D: olfactory nerves
E: inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus
F: hard palate
Label G and H
G: soft palate
H: uvula
Label A-C
A: nasopharynx
B: posterior nasal aperture
C: pharyngeal tonsil
Label D-F
D: opening of pharyngotympanic tube
E: uvula
F: oropharynx
Label G-I
G: laryngopharynx
H: esophagus
I: trachea
Label J-L
J: nasal cavity
K: nostril
L: hard palate
Label M and N
M: soft palate
N: tongue
Label the figure.
A: pharynx
B: nasopharynx
C: oropharynx
D: laryngopharynx
Label A-C
A: laryngopharynx
B: esophagus
C: trachea
Label D-F
D: Larynx
E: epiglottis
F: vestibular fold
Label G-J
G: thyroid cartilage
H: vocal fold
I: cricoid cartilage
J: thyroid gland
Label A-C
A: body of hyoid bone
B: thyroid cartilage
C: laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Label D-F
D: cricothyroid ligament
E: cricotracheal ligament
F: epiglottis
Label G-I
G: thyrohyoid membrane
H: cricoid cartilage
I: tracheal cartilages
Label A-C
A: epiglottis
B: thyrohyoid
C: cricoid cartilage
Label D-F
D: tracheal cartilages
E: vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
F: thyroid cartilage
Label G-I
G: vocal fold (true vocal cord)
H: cricothyroid ligament
I: cricotracheal ligament
Label A-C
A: left superior lobe
B: left inferior lobe
C: apex of lung
Label D-F
D; pulmonary artery
E: left main bronchus
F: pulmonary vein
Label A-C
A: superior lobe of right lung
B: middle lobe of right lung
C: inferior lobe of right lung
Label D-F
D: trachea
E: superior lobe of left lung
F: left main (primary) bronchus
Label G-I
G: lobar (secondary) bronchus
H: segmental (tertiary)
I: inferior lobe of the left lung
Label the figure.
pseudostratified epithelium
Label A-C
A: respiratory bronchiole
B: alveolar duct
C: alveoli
Label D and E
D: alveolar sac
E: alveolar pores
Label A-C
A: terminal bronchiole
B: respiratory bronchioles
C: alveolar duct
Label D and E
D: alveoli
E: alveolar sac
Label A-C
A: alveoli (gas-filled air spaces)
B: in capillary
C: type II alveolar cell
Label D-F
D: type I alveolar cell
E: respiratory membrane
F: capillary
Label G-I
G: alveolar pores
H: nucleus of type I alveolar cells
I: alveolar epithelium
Label J and K
J: fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium
K: capillary endothelium
Label A-C
A: trachea
B: thymus
C: apex of lung
Label D-F
D: right superior lobe
E: right middle lobe
F: right inferior lobe
Label G-I
G: heart
H: diaphragm
I: base of lung
Label J-L
J: left superior lobe
K: left inferior lobe
L: cardiac notch
Label M-P
M: intercostal muscle
N: parietal pleura
O: pleural cavity
P: visceral pleura
Label A-C
A: right lung
B: parietal pleura
C: visceral pleura
Label D-F
D: pleural cavity
E: pericardial membranes
F: sternum
Label G-I
G: esophagus (in mediastinum)
H: root of lung at hilum
I: left main bronchus
Label J-L
J: left pulmonary artery
K: left pulmonary vein
L: left lung
Label M-P
M: thoracic wall
N: pulmonary trunk
O: heart (mediastinum)
P: anterior mediastinum
Label A-C
A: inspiration
B: expiration
C: diaphragm
Label D-F
D: trachea
E: lung
F: diaphragm
Label A-C
A: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
B: tidal volume (TV)
C: expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Label D-F
D: residual volume (RV)
E: inspiratory capacity (IC)
F: functional residual capacity (FRC)
Label G and H
G: vital capacity (VC)
H: total lung capacity (TLC)
