Lesson 10 - Reproductive Flashcards
major female gonad
ovaries
major male gonad
testes
what do the gonads produce? (2)
sex cells and hormones
what do male gonads produce? (2)
sperm and testosterone
what do the female gonads produce? (3)
ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone
the penis is composed of…(2)
three cylinders of erectile tissue
- two dorsal
- one ventral
corpora cavernosa
the dorsal cylinders of the penis
corpus spongiosum
the ventral cylinder of the penis
glans penis
the tip of the penis
what is the glans penis covered by?
prepuce/foreskin
what contains the testes?
scrotum
what is the scrotum for?
to regulate temperature to optimize sperm production (94ºF)
duct system
accessory structures that form the ducts that carries sperm from the testes to the external environment
epididymis
site where immature sperm cells complete the maturation process
where is the epididymis located?
located on the superior and posterolateral area of the testes
ductus deferens/vas deferens (sperm duct)
connects the epididymis to ejaculatory duct at the ampulla
what encloses the vas deferens along with blood vessels and nerves?
a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord
ejaculatory duct
propels sperm through the prostate gland to the urethra during ejaculation
urethra (male)
common path of both the urinary and reproductive system
three parts of the male urethra
- prostatic
- intermediate (membranous)
- spongy
male accessory gonadal glands (3)
- prostate gland
- seminal glands/vesicles
- bulbourethral glands
prostate gland
encircles and secretes milky fluid into urethra to activate sperm
where is the prostate gland located?
inferior to the bladder
seminal glands/vesicles (2)
- joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
- produces alkaline secretion containing fructose and other nutrients which supplies energy to sperm/promotes fertilization
what makes up 60% of seminal fluid?
alkaline secretions from the seminal glands
bulbourethral glands
produces, thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra
where are the seminal vesicles located?
posterior to the bladder
where are the bulbourethral glands located?
inferior to the prostate
what is the purpose of the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands?
washes out urine during ejaculation of semen
semen
sperm and seminal fluid
testes
gonads that produce sperm and testosterone
the exterior of the testes are covered by _____ _____
tunica albuginea
the tunica albuginea is what kind of tissue?
dense connective tissue
the tunica albuginea extends into the testes to…
form septa that divide the testis into lobules
lobules of the testis contain (2)
- seminiferous tubules
- rete testis
what is the site of sperm production?
seminiferous tubules
_____ cells between testis tubules produce _____
interstitial, testosterone
what carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?
rete testis
the external reproductive structures of a female include (2)
external genitalia (vulva) and the mammary glands
the vulva includes (3)
- mon pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
mons pubis
overlies the pubic symphysis
labia majora is homologous to what in males?
the scrotum
the labia minora enclose the _____ region containing…(3)
vestibule
1. clitoris
2. urethral orifice
3. vaginal orifice
the clitoris is homologous to what in males?
the penis
what is the clitoris covered by?
prepuce of the clitoris
urethral orifice (female)
part of the urinary system, is seperate from the reproductive system
vaginal orifice
external opening that leads into the internal reproductive structures
the vaginal orifice also contains these two things
- hymen
- greater vestibular glands
hymen
thin fold of mucous membrane that closes the vaginal opening
greater vestibular glands
flanks the vaginal opening and produces lubricants during coitus
the broad ligaments of the female reproductive system (3)
- mesometrium
- mesosalpinx
- mesovarium
the mesometrium secures the….
uterus
the mesosalpinx secures the…
uterine tubes
the mesovarium anchors the…
ovaries posteriorly
the round ligaments secures…
the uterus to the labia majora
the uterosacral ligament secures….
the inferior uterus to the sacrum
the ovarian ligament anchors..
the ovaries to the uterus
the ovarian ligament is supported by the _____ ligaments
suspensory
the suspensory ligaments anchor…
the ovaries laterally
female reproductive organs located in the pelvic region (2)
- vagina
- uterus
vagina
birth canal connecting the vestibule to the uterus
where is the uterus located?
between the bladder and rectum
three layers of the uterine wall
- endometrium
- myometrium
- serosa
three layers of the uterine wall: endometrium (2)
internal layer composed of (1) a functional layer (2) that is formed by the basal layer
what is the usual site of egg implantation?
the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
the functional layer of the endometrium is also called
stratum functionalis
the basal layer of the endometrium is also called
stratum basalis
myometrium
muscular, median layer of the uterus
serosa
the protective outer layer of the uterus
where are the uterine/fallopian tubes located?
superolateral region of the uterus extending towards the ovaries
what is the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the ovaries?
the fimbriae
fimbriae
finger like projections reaching out from the fallopian tubes to the ovaries
what portion of the uterine tubes is the widest, and longest?
the ampulla
what portion of the uterine tubes is located medially and is narrow with a thick wall?
the isthmus
what is the usual site of fertilization of an egg by sperm?
the uterine tube
what is the site of female gamete development?
ovaries
what is the site of estrogen projection?
ovaries
where are the mammary glands located?
anterior to the pectoral muscles
when does mammary gland growth start?
puberty
what is mammary gland growth triggered by?
production of estrogen
external features of the mammary glands (2)
- areola
- nipple
areola
pigmented area surrounding the nipple
nipple
site of milk release in lactation
internal functional units of the mammary glands are called _____
lobules
what kind of tissue are lobules composed of? (2)
connective and fatty tissue
alveoli in the mammary glands do what?
produce milk
milk produced in the alveoli passes through the _____ _____ an is stored in the _____ _____
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
where does meiosis occur?
the gonads
sex cells are haploid meaning…
they are n, and contain half the normal number of chromosomes
meiosis consists of _____ nuclear divisions, and it/they are called…
two; meiosis I and meiosis II
meiosis yields _____ daughter cells
four
in meiosis I, chromosomes undergo what kind of replication?
semi-conservative
when does replication of chromosomes occur?
interphase (before meiosis)
in meiosis I, the process of synapsis occurs meaning…
homologous chromosomes line up side to side to form tetrads (crossing over occurs)
chiasmata
points of crossing over during meiosis I
after crossing over, the _____ move to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase
dyads
genetic material does/does not replicate in meiosis II
does not
spermatogenesis
formation of sperm
Describe the process of spermatogenesis (5)
(1) During puberty, the spermatogonia (plural) undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2n)
(2) primary spermatocytes undergo a growth phase before undergoing meiosis I
(3) the primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I and form two secondary spermatocytes (now n)
(4) the secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form four spermatids
(5) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form four functional sperm
spermiogenesis
the last stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids mature into functional sperm
the production of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia is under the control of what hormone?
follicle stimulating hormone
oogenesis
production of eggs cells in fetal females
oogenesis is under the influence of what hormones?
gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
oogonia (2)
(1) undergoes thousands of mitotic divisions in fetal development and (2) become encapsulated by cells to form the primordial follicles of the ovaries
primary oocytes
by birth, encapsulated oogonia grows into primary oocyte which is arrest at prophase of meiosis I
at puberty in women, oogenesis is under the influence of what hormone?
follicle stimulating hormone
what is formed as the follicle grows around a primary oocyte?
the primary follicle
the secondary follicle
the primary oocyte maturing
what does the secondary follicle produce? what does it do?
estrogen produced is feedback to stop the release of gonadotropin by the anterior pituitary
in the vesicular (antral) follicle, what occurs?
the primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing the secondary oocyte and the first polar body
a mature vesicular follicle releases…
a secondary oocyte enclosed in the corona radiata
the corona radiata
a casing around the secondary oocyte after being released from the vesicular follicle
the corona radiata is composed of what type of cell?
granulosa cells
when the anterior pituitary suddenly increases luteinizing hormone, what happens to the ruptures vesicular follicle?
it turns into the corpus luteum and produces progesterone and estrogen
what happens to the corpus luteum if luteinizing hormone levels drop?
it degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue called the corpus albicans
what happens upon fertilization of the secondary oocyte? (2)
- meiosis II proceeds
- the ovum (2n) and second polar body are produced
the menstrual cycle occurs how many days after ovulation?
14 days
three phases of the menstrual cycle
- menstrual (menses)
- proliferative
- secretory
menstrual cycle: menses phase
day 1-5 where the functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs
menstrual cycle: proliferative phase
days 6-14 where estrogen from the growing follicle causes endometrium repair, glands and blood vessels proliferate, and the endometrium thickens again
menstrual cycle: secretory phase
days 15-28 where the corpus luteum progesterone causes and increase in glands and vascular supply in the endometrium
in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, is an embryo is present, what occurs?
the embryo will produce luteinizing hormone to maintain the corpus luteum
Label A-C
A: corpus cavernosum
B: corpus spongiosum
C: glans penis
Label D-G
D: prepuce (foreskin)
E: external urethral orifice
F: testis
G: scrotum
Label A-C
A: ampulla of the ductus deferens
B: ejaculatory duct
C: ductus (vas) deferens
Label D-G
D: prostatic urethra
E: intermediate (membranous) urethra
F: spongy urethra
G: epididymis
Label the figure.
A: seminal gland (vesicle)
B: prostate
C: bulbourethral gland
Label the figure.
A: spermatic cord
B: epididymis
C: testis
Label the figure.
A: interstitial endocrine cells
B: seminiferous tubule
Label A-C
A: spermatic cord
B: seminiferous tubule
C: lobule
Label D-F
D: septum
E: tunica albuginea
F: ductus (vas) deferens
Label G-J
G: head of epididymis
H: rete testis
I: body of epididymis
J: tail of epididymis
Label A-C
A: ureter
B: ampulla of ductus deferens
C: seminal gland
Label D-F
D: ejaculatory duct
E: bulbourethral gland and duct
F: urogenital diaphragm
Label G-I
G: ductus deferens
H: corpora cavernosa
I: epididymis
Label J-L
J: corpus spongiosum
K: testis
L: spongy urethra
Label M-O
M: prepuce (foreskin)
N: external urethral orifice
O: corpora cavernosa
Label P-R
P: urethra
Q: tunica albuginea of erectile bodies
R: corpus spongiosum
Label S-U
S: prostatic urethra
T: urinary bladder
U: prostate
Label V-Y
V: intermediate (membranous) urethra
W: root of penis
X: body (shaft) of penis
Y: glans penis
Label A-C
A: mons pubis
B: prepuce of clitoris
C: clitoris (glans)
Label D-F
D: vestibule
E: anus
F: labia majora
Label G-I
G: labia minora
H: external urethral orifice
I: hymen
Label J and K
J: vaginal orifice
K: opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland
Label A-C
A: vagina
B: greater vestibular gland
C: pubic symphysis
Label D-F
D: mons pubis
E: urethra
F: clitoris
Label G-J
G: external urethral orifice
H: hymen
I: labium minus
J: labium majus
Label A-C
A: uterosacral ligament
B: vagina
C: suspensory ligament of ovary
Label D-G
D: infundibulum
E: ovary
F: uterus
G: round ligament
Label A-D
A: broad ligaments
B: mesosalpinx
C: mesovarium
D: mesometrium
Label E-G
E: suspensory ligament of ovary
F: uterine (fallopian) tube
G: ovary
Label H-K
H: round ligament of uterus
I: vagina
J: uterosacral ligament
K: ovarian ligament
Label the figure.
A: endometrium
B: myometrium
C: serosa
Label A-C
A: perimetrium
B: cervix
C: suspensory ligament of ovary
Label D-F
D: infundibulum
E: ovarian tube
F: ovary
Label G and H
G: fimbriae
H: uterus
Label A-C
A: uterine (fallopian) tubes
B: ovary
C: fundus of uterus
Label D-F
D: lumen of uterus
E: uterine tube
F: ampulla
Label G-I
G: isthmus
H: infundibulum
I: fimbriae
Label J-L
J: wall of uterus
K: endometrium
L: myometrium
Label M-P
M: perimetrium
N: cervical canal
O: cervix
P: body of uterus
Label A-C
A: pectoralis major muscle
B: adipose tissue
C: lobe of mammary gland
Label D-F
D: areola
E: nipple
F: opening of lactiferous duct
Label G-I
G: lactiferous sinus
H: lactiferous duct
I: lobule containing alveoli
Label A-C
A: prophase I - tetrads form by synapsis of homologues
B: crossover form
C: anaphase I - homologues separate
Label D-F
D: daughter cells of Meiosis I
E: anaphase II - sister chromatids separate
F: daughter cells
Label the figure.
A: spermatogonia
B: primary spermatocytes
C: spermatids
D: immature sperm in lumen
Label A-C
A: spermatogonium
B: mitosis
C: primary spermatocyte
Label D-F
D: primary spermatocyte
E: meiosis I
F: secondary spermatocyte
Label G-J
G: meiosis II
H: spermatids
I: spermiogenesis
J: functional sperm
Label A-C
A: secondary oocyte
B: ovulated secondary oocyte
C: corona radiata
Label D-F
D: developing corpus luteum
E: corpus luteum
F: medulla
Label G-I
G: ovarian ligament
H: primary follicles
I: degenerating corpus luteum (corpus albicans)
Label J-L
J: tunica albuginea
K: cortex
L: secondary follicle
Label M-P
M: granulosa cells
N: late secondary follicle
O: mesovarium and blood vessels
P: vesicular (antral) follicle
Label A-C
A: mitotic events
B: oogonium (stem cells)
C: mitosis
Label D-F
D: primary oocyte
E: meiosis I
F: first polar body
Label G-I
G: meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur)
H: polar bodies
I: second polar body
Label J-L
J: ovum
K: follicle in development in ovary
L: follicle cells
Label M-O
M: oocyte
N: primordial follicle
O: primary oocyte
Label P-R
P: primordial follicle
Q: primary oocyte
R: primary follicle
Label S-U
S: secondary follicle
T: vesicular (antral) follicle
U: secondary oocyte
Label V-X
V: ovulation
W: sperm
X: meiosis II
Label Y, Z, and 1
Y: ovulated secondary oocyte
Z: in absence of fertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and degenerates
1: degenerating corpus luteum
