Lesson 9 - Renal System + PhysioEx Flashcards
what is the urinary system responsible for?
removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body
the urinary system consists of…(5)
- kidneys
- urinary bladder
- ureters
- urethra
- trigone
kidneys
major homeostatic organ of the body; filters blood to remove metabolic wastes, toxins and excess ions
urinary bladder
reservoir for urine
ureters
transports waste fluids from kidneys to urinary bladder
urethra
connects bladder to external environment
trigone
triangular area delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra
functions of the kidneys (4)
- remove nitrogenous waste from blood
- maintain fluid balance
- maintain electrolyte balance
- maintain acid-base balance
two major regions of the kidneys
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
renal cortex
outer portion of the kidney
renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney containing the renal pyramids
renal pyramids are separated by renal _____
columns
the apex of the renal pyramid faces the _____
calyx
blood flow through the renal system (11)
descending aorta –> renal arteries –> segmental arteries (enter kidney) –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries –> afferent arterioles (capillary bed where filtration occurs) –> cortical radiate veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal veins
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
the nephron
what are the two kinds of nephrons?
- cortical nephrons
- juxtamedullary nephrons
two major structures of the nephron
- glomerulus
- renal tubule
glomerulus
a capillary ‘knot’ formed by the afferent arteriole where blood is filtered
renal tubule (3)
forms the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
surrounds the glomerulus; forms porous membrane so fluid can pass through
what is the visceral (inner) wall of Bowman’s capsule composed of?
podocytes
where do fluids/ions not reabsorbed from the renal tubule go?
the collecting duct
where does the collecting duct dump fluids/ions not reabsorbed? (2)
calyces and the pelvis of the kidneys
two distinct capillary beds of the nephron
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillary bed
why does fluid filtration occur in the glomerulus? (2)
- afferent arterioles have high pressure and resistance, along with a larger diameter
- efferent arterioles draining glomerulus also have high resistance but a smaller diameter
net results of glomerular filtration
high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and small proteins out of the afferent arteriole/glomerulus into the glomerular capsule
what is the fluid that enters the glomerular capsule called?
filtrate
peritubular capillary bed
low pressure porous capillary network formed from efferent arteriole that leaves the glomerulus
juxtamedullary nephrons also have _____ _____ to help reabsorb fluids/ions
vasa recta
juxtaglomerular cells
in arteriole walls sense blood pressure
macula densa
area of specialized columnar chemoreceptors cells in distal convoluted tubule
juxtaglomerular apparatus (2)
functions to.. is composed of…
functions to concentrate urine, composed of juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa
urine forms from three processes
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
urine formation: filtration
passive process in the glomerulus
urine formation: reabsorption (tubular)
filtrate components reabsorbed thru tubule wall and into peritubular capillaries
reabsorption (tubular) is/is not highly selective
IS; only things like glucose , amino acids, and some ions are reabsorbed
urine filtration: secretion
substances not filtered in the glomerulus (left in the blood) are secreted from peritubular capillaries and absorbed into tubules
the internal urethral sphincter is composed of…
smooth muscles
is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
external urethral sphincter is composed of…
skeletal muscles
is external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
urinary bladder
reservoir for urine until micturition
the urinary bladder contains _____ so it can stretch as it fills with urine
rugae
micturition
emptying of the bladder
urine characteristics: color
pale yellow/clear to amber
what is the yellow color of urine from?
urochrome pigment from hemoglobin destructions
urine characteristics: odor
depends on foods, drugs, etc.
what does someone with diabetes mellitus urine smell like?
fruity/acetone-like
urine characteristics: pH
4.5-8 depending on diet
specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.030; depends on solutes dissolved in urine
more solutes _____ the specific gravity of urine
increase
the concentration of urine is caused by…(3)
- fever
- limited fluid intake
- kidney inflammation
high specific gravity can cause….
kidney stones
pyelonephritis
kidney inflammation
renal calculi
kidney stones
majority of solutes found in urine in order of decreasing concentration: (7)
- urea
- sodium
- potassium
- phosphate
- sulfate ions
- creatinine
- uric acid
urea in urine comes from…
from breakdown of proteins
where does the creatinine in urine come from?
skeletal muscles
where does the uric acid in urine come from?
nucleic acid breakdown
abnormal components of urine: glucose
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- glycosuria
- diabetes mellitus
abnormal components of urine: albumin
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- albuminuria
- damage to glomerular membrane, toxins, hypertension, pregnancy, excessive protein intake
abnormal components of urine: ketone bodies
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- ketonuria
- low carb diet, starvation
abnormal components of urine: bile pigments
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- bilirubinuria
- liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
abnormal components of urine: white blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- pyuria
- urinary tract inflammation
abnormal components of urine: nitrites
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- bladder infection
- bladder infection
abnormal components of urine: red blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- hematuria
- urinary tract irritation by kidney stones, urinary tract infection
abnormal components of urine: hemoglobin
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- hemoglobinuria
- hemolytic anemia, poisonous snake bites, renal disease
_____ coupled with _____ is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
ketonuria, glycosuria
how does the kidney filter waste products out of our blood?
through the activity of millions of nephrons
how does waste get filtered?
blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) forces fluid dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule
the _____ the pressure, the _____ the glomerular filtration rate
higher, higher
two major parts of the nephron
- renal tubule (tubular component)
- renal corpuscle (vascular component)
glomerulus
a tangles capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule
what is the function of the renal tubule?
process the filtered filtrate
the beginnings of the renal tubule is an enlarged end called…
Bowman’s capsule
collectively, these two structures are called the renal corpuscle
- glomerulus
- Bowman’s capsule
two arterioles associated with each glomerulus
- afferent arteriole
- efferent arteriole
the _____ feeds the glomerular capillary bed and the _____ arteriole drains it
afferent, efferent
the glomerular filtration rate can be altered by changing these two things…
- arteriole resistance
- arteriole hydrostatic pressure
glomerular filtration rate (2)
- an index of kidney function
- 80 to 140 ml.min
filtrate composition (3)
- devoid of cellular debris
- essentially protein free
- contains a concentration of salts and organic molecules similar to that in blood
three crucial processes of nephrons
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
starling forces (2)
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients
the unusually high _____ blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration
hydrostatic
as filtrate moves through the tubules of a nephron, solutes and water move…
from the tubule lumen into the interstitial spaces of the nephron
what hormone increases the water permeability of the collecting duct of nephrons?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
reabsorption
the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma
what surrounds the renal tubule and reclaims the reabsorbed substances to return them to general circulation?
peritubular capillaries
how does the body ensure glucose is reabsorbed?
it has glucose carrier proteins in the proximal tubules cells of the nephron
where is glucose first absorbed?
the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells
how is glucose first absorbed in the nephrons?
secondary active transport
how does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?
facilitated diffusion
where does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?
the basolateral membrane
what acts on the distal convoluted tubules cells in the nephron to promote the reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the body and secretion of potassium from the body?
aldosterone
where is ADH manufactured? where is it stored?
the hypothalamus; the posterior pituitary gland
what are ADH levels influenced by? (2)
osmolality of body fluids and the volume/pressure of the cardiovascular system
explain the effect of afferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration
as radius increases, so does filtration rate
explain the effect of efferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration
as radius decreases, filtration increases
how can you alter the glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
if the efferent or afferent arteriole radius is adjusted
according to the data, decreasing the radius of the afferent arteriole caused…
a decrease in both GCP and GFR
decreasing the efferent arteriole radius has what effect on GCP and GFR?
it caused an increase in GCP and GFR
what does sympathetic activation of the kidneys causes…(2)
- a decreased urine production y causing constriction of the afferent arteriole
- maintaining blood volume and pressure
how does the sympathetic nerves cause a decrease in urine?
by causing constriction causes less blood reaches the glomerulus and therefore less blood is filtered which leads to less urine production
explain the effect of pressure on glomerular filtration
as pressure increases, so does glomerular filtration
if there is an increase in blood pressure, then what happens to GCP and GFR
they will increase
during low blood pressure conditions, the body does what for filtration?
by dilating the afferent arteriole and constricting the efferent arteriole to maintain the GCP and GFR
what draws out water from the renal tubule?
the interstitial space solute gradient
an increase in the interstitial solute gradient will cause…
an increase in H2O reabsorption
diuretics cause…
an increase in urine production
how do diuretics work?
either inhibiting ADH secretion or by altering the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid
the addition of _____ and _____ to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct with cause a decrease in urine volume
aldosterone, ADH
what happens in the presence of just aldosterone? (2)
urine volume decreases slightly and the concentration was not affected
what happens in the presence of just ADH? (2)
urine volume decreased significantly and urine concentration increased significantly
ethanol consumption causes an increase in…
urine production by inhibiting ADH producing more dilute urine
people suffering from hypertension may be given _____ _____ _____ (_____) inhibitors to increase urine production
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
What does ACE do?
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which activates aldosterone and ADH
Label A-C
A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum
Label D-F
D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter
Label G and H
G: urinary bladder
H: urethra
Label A-C
A: peritoneal cavity (organs removed)
B: peritoneum
C: renal vein
Label D-F
D: renal artery
E: kidney
F: renal fascia
Label G-I
G: anterior renal fascia
H: posterior renal fascia
I: fibrous capsule
Label A-C
A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum
Label D-F
D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter
Label G and H
G: urinary bladder
H: urethra
Label A-C
A: renal hilum
B: renal cortex
C: renal medulla
Label D-F
D: Major calyx
E: papilla of pyramid
F: renal pelvis
Label G-I
G: minor calyx
H: ureter
I: renal pyramid in renal medulla
Label J-M
J: renal column
K: fibrous capsule
L: renal pelvis
M: ureter
Label A-C
A: cortical radiate vein
B: cortical radiate artery
C: arcuate vein
Label D-F
D: arcuate artery
E: interlobar vein
F: interlobar artery
Label G-I
G: segmental arteries
H: renal vein
I: renal artery
Label J and K
J: renal pelvis
K: ureter
Label A-D
A: cortical nephron
B: short nephron loop
C: glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction
D: efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Label E-H
E: juxtamedullary nephron
F: long nephron loop
G: glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction
H: efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
Label I-K
I: renal corpuscle
J: glomerulus capillaries
K: glomerular capsule
Label L-N
L: efferent arteriole
M: proximal convoluted tubule
N: peritubular capillaries
Label O-Q
O: ascending limb of the loop of Henle
P: arcuate vein
Q: arcuate artery
Label R and S
R: nephron loop
S: descending limb of nephron loop
Label T-V
T: cortical radiate vein
U: cortical radiate artery
V: afferent arteriole
Label W-Z
W: collecting duct
X: distal convoluted tubule
Y: afferent arteriole
Z: efferent arteriole
Label 1 and 2
1: cortex-medulla junction
2: vasa recta
Label A-C
A: renal cortex
B: renal medulla
C: renal pelvis
Label D-G
D: ureter
E: renal corpuscle
F: glomerular capsule
G: glomerulus
Label H-K
H: distal convoluted tubule
I: proximal convoluted tubule
J: thick segment
K: thin segment
Label L-O
L: loop of Henle
M: descending limb
N: ascending limb
O: collecting duct
Label A-C
A: glomerular filtration
B: tubular reabsorption
C: tubular secretion
Label D-F
D: cortical radiate artery
E: afferent arteriole
F: glomerular capillaries
Label G-I
G: efferent arteriole
H: glomerular capsule
I: renal tubule containing filtrate
Label J and K
J: peritubular capillary
K: to cortical radiate vein
Label A-C
A: ureter
B: rugae
C: detrusor
Label D-F
D: ureteric orifices
E: trigone of the bladder
F: bladder neck
Label G-I
G: internal urethral sphincter
H: prostate
I: prostatic urethra
Label J-L
J: intermediate part of the urethra
K: external urethral sphincter
L: urogenital diaphragm
Label M-O
M: spongy urethra
N: external urethral orifice
O: trigone
Label P and Q
P: urethra
Q: external urethral orifice
