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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 9 - Renal System + PhysioEx > Flashcards

Lesson 9 - Renal System + PhysioEx Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary system responsible for?

A

removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body

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2
Q

the urinary system consists of…(5)

A
  • kidneys
  • urinary bladder
  • ureters
  • urethra
  • trigone
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3
Q

kidneys

A

major homeostatic organ of the body; filters blood to remove metabolic wastes, toxins and excess ions

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4
Q

urinary bladder

A

reservoir for urine

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5
Q

ureters

A

transports waste fluids from kidneys to urinary bladder

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6
Q

urethra

A

connects bladder to external environment

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7
Q

trigone

A

triangular area delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra

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8
Q

functions of the kidneys (4)

A
  • remove nitrogenous waste from blood
  • maintain fluid balance
  • maintain electrolyte balance
  • maintain acid-base balance
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9
Q

two major regions of the kidneys

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
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10
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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11
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney containing the renal pyramids

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12
Q

renal pyramids are separated by renal _____

A

columns

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13
Q

the apex of the renal pyramid faces the _____

A

calyx

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14
Q

blood flow through the renal system (11)

A

descending aorta –> renal arteries –> segmental arteries (enter kidney) –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries –> afferent arterioles (capillary bed where filtration occurs) –> cortical radiate veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal veins

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15
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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16
Q

what are the two kinds of nephrons?

A
  • cortical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
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17
Q

two major structures of the nephron

A
  • glomerulus
  • renal tubule
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18
Q

glomerulus

A

a capillary ‘knot’ formed by the afferent arteriole where blood is filtered

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19
Q

renal tubule (3)

A

forms the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the loop of Henle

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20
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

surrounds the glomerulus; forms porous membrane so fluid can pass through

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21
Q

what is the visceral (inner) wall of Bowman’s capsule composed of?

A

podocytes

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22
Q

where do fluids/ions not reabsorbed from the renal tubule go?

A

the collecting duct

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23
Q

where does the collecting duct dump fluids/ions not reabsorbed? (2)

A

calyces and the pelvis of the kidneys

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24
Q

two distinct capillary beds of the nephron

A
  • glomerulus
  • peritubular capillary bed
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25
Q

why does fluid filtration occur in the glomerulus? (2)

A
  • afferent arterioles have high pressure and resistance, along with a larger diameter
  • efferent arterioles draining glomerulus also have high resistance but a smaller diameter
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26
Q

net results of glomerular filtration

A

high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and small proteins out of the afferent arteriole/glomerulus into the glomerular capsule

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27
Q

what is the fluid that enters the glomerular capsule called?

A

filtrate

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28
Q

peritubular capillary bed

A

low pressure porous capillary network formed from efferent arteriole that leaves the glomerulus

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29
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons also have _____ _____ to help reabsorb fluids/ions

A

vasa recta

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30
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

in arteriole walls sense blood pressure

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31
Q

macula densa

A

area of specialized columnar chemoreceptors cells in distal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (2)

functions to.. is composed of…

A

functions to concentrate urine, composed of juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

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33
Q

urine forms from three processes

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
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34
Q

urine formation: filtration

A

passive process in the glomerulus

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35
Q

urine formation: reabsorption (tubular)

A

filtrate components reabsorbed thru tubule wall and into peritubular capillaries

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36
Q

reabsorption (tubular) is/is not highly selective

A

IS; only things like glucose , amino acids, and some ions are reabsorbed

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37
Q

urine filtration: secretion

A

substances not filtered in the glomerulus (left in the blood) are secreted from peritubular capillaries and absorbed into tubules

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38
Q

the internal urethral sphincter is composed of…

A

smooth muscles

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39
Q

is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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40
Q

external urethral sphincter is composed of…

A

skeletal muscles

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41
Q

is external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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42
Q

urinary bladder

A

reservoir for urine until micturition

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43
Q

the urinary bladder contains _____ so it can stretch as it fills with urine

A

rugae

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44
Q

micturition

A

emptying of the bladder

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45
Q

urine characteristics: color

A

pale yellow/clear to amber

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46
Q

what is the yellow color of urine from?

A

urochrome pigment from hemoglobin destructions

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47
Q

urine characteristics: odor

A

depends on foods, drugs, etc.

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48
Q

what does someone with diabetes mellitus urine smell like?

A

fruity/acetone-like

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49
Q

urine characteristics: pH

A

4.5-8 depending on diet

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50
Q

specific gravity of urine

A

1.001-1.030; depends on solutes dissolved in urine

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51
Q

more solutes _____ the specific gravity of urine

A

increase

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52
Q

the concentration of urine is caused by…(3)

A
  • fever
  • limited fluid intake
  • kidney inflammation
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53
Q

high specific gravity can cause….

A

kidney stones

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54
Q

pyelonephritis

A

kidney inflammation

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55
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones

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56
Q

majority of solutes found in urine in order of decreasing concentration: (7)

A
  • urea
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • phosphate
  • sulfate ions
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
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57
Q

urea in urine comes from…

A

from breakdown of proteins

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58
Q

where does the creatinine in urine come from?

A

skeletal muscles

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59
Q

where does the uric acid in urine come from?

A

nucleic acid breakdown

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60
Q

abnormal components of urine: glucose
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • glycosuria
  • diabetes mellitus
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61
Q

abnormal components of urine: albumin
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • albuminuria
  • damage to glomerular membrane, toxins, hypertension, pregnancy, excessive protein intake
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62
Q

abnormal components of urine: ketone bodies
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • ketonuria
  • low carb diet, starvation
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63
Q

abnormal components of urine: bile pigments
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • bilirubinuria
  • liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
64
Q

abnormal components of urine: white blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • pyuria
  • urinary tract inflammation
65
Q

abnormal components of urine: nitrites
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • bladder infection
  • bladder infection
66
Q

abnormal components of urine: red blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • hematuria
  • urinary tract irritation by kidney stones, urinary tract infection
67
Q

abnormal components of urine: hemoglobin
what condition? what disorder/cause?

A
  • hemoglobinuria
  • hemolytic anemia, poisonous snake bites, renal disease
68
Q

_____ coupled with _____ is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus

A

ketonuria, glycosuria

69
Q

how does the kidney filter waste products out of our blood?

A

through the activity of millions of nephrons

70
Q

how does waste get filtered?

A

blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) forces fluid dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule

71
Q

the _____ the pressure, the _____ the glomerular filtration rate

A

higher, higher

72
Q

two major parts of the nephron

A
  1. renal tubule (tubular component)
  2. renal corpuscle (vascular component)
73
Q
A
74
Q

glomerulus

A

a tangles capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule

75
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule?

A

process the filtered filtrate

76
Q

the beginnings of the renal tubule is an enlarged end called…

A

Bowman’s capsule

77
Q

collectively, these two structures are called the renal corpuscle

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
78
Q

two arterioles associated with each glomerulus

A
  1. afferent arteriole
  2. efferent arteriole
79
Q

the _____ feeds the glomerular capillary bed and the _____ arteriole drains it

A

afferent, efferent

80
Q

the glomerular filtration rate can be altered by changing these two things…

A
  • arteriole resistance
  • arteriole hydrostatic pressure
81
Q

glomerular filtration rate (2)

A
  • an index of kidney function
  • 80 to 140 ml.min
82
Q

filtrate composition (3)

A
  • devoid of cellular debris
  • essentially protein free
  • contains a concentration of salts and organic molecules similar to that in blood
83
Q

three crucial processes of nephrons

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
84
Q

starling forces (2)

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients

85
Q

the unusually high _____ blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration

A

hydrostatic

86
Q

as filtrate moves through the tubules of a nephron, solutes and water move…

A

from the tubule lumen into the interstitial spaces of the nephron

87
Q

what hormone increases the water permeability of the collecting duct of nephrons?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

88
Q

reabsorption

A

the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma

89
Q

what surrounds the renal tubule and reclaims the reabsorbed substances to return them to general circulation?

A

peritubular capillaries

90
Q

how does the body ensure glucose is reabsorbed?

A

it has glucose carrier proteins in the proximal tubules cells of the nephron

91
Q

where is glucose first absorbed?

A

the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells

92
Q

how is glucose first absorbed in the nephrons?

A

secondary active transport

93
Q

how does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?

A

facilitated diffusion

94
Q

where does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?

A

the basolateral membrane

95
Q

what acts on the distal convoluted tubules cells in the nephron to promote the reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the body and secretion of potassium from the body?

A

aldosterone

96
Q

where is ADH manufactured? where is it stored?

A

the hypothalamus; the posterior pituitary gland

97
Q

what are ADH levels influenced by? (2)

A

osmolality of body fluids and the volume/pressure of the cardiovascular system

98
Q

explain the effect of afferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration

A

as radius increases, so does filtration rate

99
Q

explain the effect of efferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration

A

as radius decreases, filtration increases

100
Q

how can you alter the glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

if the efferent or afferent arteriole radius is adjusted

101
Q

according to the data, decreasing the radius of the afferent arteriole caused…

A

a decrease in both GCP and GFR

102
Q

decreasing the efferent arteriole radius has what effect on GCP and GFR?

A

it caused an increase in GCP and GFR

103
Q

what does sympathetic activation of the kidneys causes…(2)

A
  • a decreased urine production y causing constriction of the afferent arteriole
  • maintaining blood volume and pressure
104
Q

how does the sympathetic nerves cause a decrease in urine?

A

by causing constriction causes less blood reaches the glomerulus and therefore less blood is filtered which leads to less urine production

105
Q

explain the effect of pressure on glomerular filtration

A

as pressure increases, so does glomerular filtration

106
Q

if there is an increase in blood pressure, then what happens to GCP and GFR

A

they will increase

107
Q

during low blood pressure conditions, the body does what for filtration?

A

by dilating the afferent arteriole and constricting the efferent arteriole to maintain the GCP and GFR

108
Q

what draws out water from the renal tubule?

A

the interstitial space solute gradient

109
Q

an increase in the interstitial solute gradient will cause…

A

an increase in H2O reabsorption

110
Q

diuretics cause…

A

an increase in urine production

111
Q

how do diuretics work?

A

either inhibiting ADH secretion or by altering the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid

112
Q

the addition of _____ and _____ to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct with cause a decrease in urine volume

A

aldosterone, ADH

113
Q

what happens in the presence of just aldosterone? (2)

A

urine volume decreases slightly and the concentration was not affected

114
Q

what happens in the presence of just ADH? (2)

A

urine volume decreased significantly and urine concentration increased significantly

115
Q

ethanol consumption causes an increase in…

A

urine production by inhibiting ADH producing more dilute urine

116
Q

people suffering from hypertension may be given _____ _____ _____ (_____) inhibitors to increase urine production

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

117
Q

What does ACE do?

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which activates aldosterone and ADH

118
Q

Label A-C

A

A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum

119
Q

Label D-F

A

D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter

120
Q

Label G and H

A

G: urinary bladder
H: urethra

121
Q

Label A-C

A

A: peritoneal cavity (organs removed)
B: peritoneum
C: renal vein

122
Q

Label D-F

A

D: renal artery
E: kidney
F: renal fascia

123
Q

Label G-I

A

G: anterior renal fascia
H: posterior renal fascia
I: fibrous capsule

124
Q

Label A-C

A

A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum

125
Q

Label D-F

A

D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter

126
Q

Label G and H

A

G: urinary bladder
H: urethra

127
Q

Label A-C

A

A: renal hilum
B: renal cortex
C: renal medulla

128
Q

Label D-F

A

D: Major calyx
E: papilla of pyramid
F: renal pelvis

129
Q

Label G-I

A

G: minor calyx
H: ureter
I: renal pyramid in renal medulla

130
Q

Label J-M

A

J: renal column
K: fibrous capsule
L: renal pelvis
M: ureter

131
Q

Label A-C

A

A: cortical radiate vein
B: cortical radiate artery
C: arcuate vein

132
Q

Label D-F

A

D: arcuate artery
E: interlobar vein
F: interlobar artery

133
Q

Label G-I

A

G: segmental arteries
H: renal vein
I: renal artery

134
Q

Label J and K

A

J: renal pelvis
K: ureter

135
Q

Label A-D

A

A: cortical nephron
B: short nephron loop
C: glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction
D: efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

136
Q

Label E-H

A

E: juxtamedullary nephron
F: long nephron loop
G: glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction
H: efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

137
Q

Label I-K

A

I: renal corpuscle
J: glomerulus capillaries
K: glomerular capsule

138
Q

Label L-N

A

L: efferent arteriole
M: proximal convoluted tubule
N: peritubular capillaries

139
Q

Label O-Q

A

O: ascending limb of the loop of Henle
P: arcuate vein
Q: arcuate artery

140
Q

Label R and S

A

R: nephron loop
S: descending limb of nephron loop

141
Q

Label T-V

A

T: cortical radiate vein
U: cortical radiate artery
V: afferent arteriole

142
Q

Label W-Z

A

W: collecting duct
X: distal convoluted tubule
Y: afferent arteriole
Z: efferent arteriole

143
Q

Label 1 and 2

A

1: cortex-medulla junction
2: vasa recta

144
Q

Label A-C

A

A: renal cortex
B: renal medulla
C: renal pelvis

145
Q

Label D-G

A

D: ureter
E: renal corpuscle
F: glomerular capsule
G: glomerulus

146
Q

Label H-K

A

H: distal convoluted tubule
I: proximal convoluted tubule
J: thick segment
K: thin segment

147
Q

Label L-O

A

L: loop of Henle
M: descending limb
N: ascending limb
O: collecting duct

148
Q

Label A-C

A

A: glomerular filtration
B: tubular reabsorption
C: tubular secretion

149
Q

Label D-F

A

D: cortical radiate artery
E: afferent arteriole
F: glomerular capillaries

150
Q

Label G-I

A

G: efferent arteriole
H: glomerular capsule
I: renal tubule containing filtrate

151
Q

Label J and K

A

J: peritubular capillary
K: to cortical radiate vein

152
Q

Label A-C

A

A: ureter
B: rugae
C: detrusor

153
Q

Label D-F

A

D: ureteric orifices
E: trigone of the bladder
F: bladder neck

154
Q

Label G-I

A

G: internal urethral sphincter
H: prostate
I: prostatic urethra

155
Q

Label J-L

A

J: intermediate part of the urethra
K: external urethral sphincter
L: urogenital diaphragm

156
Q

Label M-O

A

M: spongy urethra
N: external urethral orifice
O: trigone

157
Q

Label P and Q

A

P: urethra
Q: external urethral orifice

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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