Lesson 4 - The Heart and Blood Flashcards
blood
connective tissue that has non-living fluid matrix that suspends living cells
plasma
the non-living fluid matrix of blood
formed elements
the living cells in blood
what percent of blood is formed elements/plasma?
45%/55%
formed elements of blood (3)
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
erythrocytes
red blood cells (RBC)
what do RBCs do?
transport O2
leukocytes
white blood cells (WBC)
what do leukocytes do?
they’re part of the immune system
platelets
small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
plasma composition (7)
over 90% water but contains nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites, proteins, and electrolytes
major functions of plasma components: water (2)
solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat
major functions of plasma components: salts (3)
include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
- osmotic balance
- pH buffering
major functions of plasma components: plasma proteins
osmotic balance, clotting of blood, defense, and lipid transport
plasma proteins (3)
- albumin
- fibrinogen
- globulins
substances transported by blood: nutrients (4)
glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins
substances transported by blood: waste products (2)
urea, uric acid
substances transported by blood: respiratory gases
O2 and CO2
erythrocyte function
transport O2 and CO2
neutrophil function
phagocytize bacteria
eosinophil function (2)
kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma
basophil function (2)
release histamine and other mediators; contain heparin and anticoagulant
lymphocyte function
mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies
monocyte function (2)
phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue
platelet function (2)
seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
What type of blood cell is this?
erythrocyte
What type of blood cell is this?
neutrophil
What type of blood cell is this?
eosinophil
What type of blood cell is this?
basophil
What type of blood cell is this?
lymphocyte
What type of blood cell is this?
monocyte
What component of blood is this?
platelets
can erythrocytes repair themselves?
no
how long do erythrocytes last in the body?
100-120 days
what cells are leukocytes produced from, and where?
hemocytoblast stem cells in bone marrow
diapedesis
the moving of leukocytes in and out of blood vessels
types of granulocytes (3)
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
types of agranulocytes (2)
lymphocytes and monocytes
granulocytes
cytoplasmic granules stain differentially with Wright’s stain
neutrophil (3)
most abundant WBC; active phagocyte, number increases with infection
eosinophil
attacks parasitic worms, lessens allergic reactions
basophils
contains granules with histamine causes the inflammatory response
agranulocytes/agranular leukocytes
no visible cytoplasmic granules
where are agranulocytes mainly found?
lymphatic system
lymphocyte
smallest leukocyte; functions in immunological response
B lymphocytes
produce blood antibodies
T lymphocytes
has ‘antibodies’ on the cell surface to detect and destroys grafts, tumors, and virus-infected cells
monocytes
largest leukocytes, converts into macrophages when inside tissue; engulfs foreign particles
platelets
cell fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow; vital role in blood clotting
coagulation
injured tissues release tissue factor TH while platelets release platelet factor PF3
what do platelet factor PF3 and tissue factor TF combine to form?
prothrombin activator
what does prothrombin activator do?
converts prothrombin in blood plasma to thrombin
what does thrombin do?
polymerizes soluble fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin which forms the clot
what forms blood clots?
fibrin
RBCs contain surface _____ which are determined by _____
antigens, genetics
type AB blood has which antigens?
antigens A and B
type B blood has which antigens?
antigen B
type A blood has which antigens?
antigen A
type O blood has which antigens?
no antigens
leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection
leukopenia
decreased WBC count indicated typhoid fever, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, TB, excessive antibiotic/X-ray therapy
leukemia
uncontrolled proliferation of WBC and reduction of RBC and platelets
polycythemia
increased RBC count from living in high altitudes or bone marrow cancer
anemia
decreased RBC count
anemia: iron deficiency
caused by lack of iron
anemia: sickle cell
RBC have abnormal shape causing decreased O2 carrying ability
anemia: aplastic
bone marrow produces too few RBCs
anemia: pernicious
reduced RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12
RBC production is influenced by what hormone?
erythropoietin
erythropoietin
hormone from the kidneys that stimulate RBC production in bone marrow
hematocrit
the percent of blood volume occupied by RBCs
PCV: packed cell volumes
used to detect anemia
high PCV to hemoglobin ratio indicates what?
anemia
hematocrit equation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures RBC settling
low ESR sedimentation indicates?
the person is normal
increased sedimentation (ESR) indicates?
the person has increased production of fibrinogen and immunoglobulins
hemoglobin (Hb) determination
measures Hb concentrations in RBC
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a normal person
12-18 grams/100ml of blood
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for an anemic person
lower than 12 grams/100ml
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a polycythemia person
higher than 18 gram/100ml
blood typing
RBCs have antigens on the cell surface; antibodies against these antigens can be used to determine blood type
heart is part of what body system?
cardiovascular system
the myocardium is composed of _____ _____
cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle is reinforced by a _____ _____ _____ tissue network
dense, fibrous, connective
where is the base of the heart found?
beneath the 2nd rib
where is the apex of the heart found?
at the left on top of the diaphragm
what is the heart enclosed by?
the pericardium
what lubricates the heart?
serous fluid to prevent friction
pericardium
doubled walled fibrous sac
visceral pericardium/epicardium
inner layer; closest to the muscle from the base of the heart to the apex
at the apex, the pericardium and epicardium forms what?
the parietal pericardium to attach the heart to the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium
outer layer formed from dense connective tissue
what is the fibrous pericardium lined by?
parietal pericardium
pericarditis
pericardial inflammation due to serous pericardial layer adhesion
what cell type lines the myocardium?
cardiac muscle cells
cardiac muscles are _____ and have only one _____
striated, nucleus
cardiac cells have _____ endings
branched
the ends of cardiac muscles are attached to each other by what?
intercalated discs
intercalated discs contain _____ _____ that link the cytoplasm of one cardiac muscle cell to the adjacent one
gap junctions
gap junctions allow what to flow from one cell to another? (3)
small molecules, ions, and action potentials to flow through the myocardium
each chamber of the heart is lined with
serous endothelium or endocardium
interatrial/interventricular septum
separates left and right atria and ventricles respectively
atrioventricular (AV) valves
separates atrium from ventricle
_____ _____ originating from _____ _____ are used to anchor cusps to ventricular wall
chordae tendineae; papillary muscles
bicuspid/mitral valve
the left atrioventricular valve
tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
three-cusp valve preventing backflow of blood from the lungs to the right ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
three-cusp valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle
blood enters where?
the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae
once blood enters the right atrium, where does it go?
through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
once blood is in the right ventricle, where does it go?
through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk
once blood is in the pulmonary trunk, where does it go?
to the left and right pulmonary arteries, to the lungs
once blood is in the lungs, where does it go?
through the left and right pulmonary veins to the left atrium
once blood is in the left atrium, where does it go?
through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
once blood is in the left ventricle, where does it go?
through the aortic semilunar valve, to the aorta, and the rest of the body
diastole
period of ventricular filling
- atrioventricular valve opens, filling the ventricles with blood
systole
ventricular contraction
- atrioventricular valves close, blood is pushed out of the ventricles
pulmonary circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?
the right side
systemic circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?
the left side
pulmonary circulation
pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs
systemic circulation
pumps O2 rich blood to the rest of the body
cardiac circulation
provided by left and right coronary arteries that encircle the heart at the atrioventricular groove
where do the coronary arteries extend from?
the base of the aorta
where does the left coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?
anterior ventricular wall and laterodorsal left side
what are the two major branches of the left coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
where does the right coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?
posterior ventricles and lateral aspects of the right heart
what are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?
posterior interventricular and right marginal artery
cardiac veins drain blood from the myocardium to where?
the coronary sinus that empties into the right atrium
cardiac veins (4)
great, middle, small, and anterior
Label the figure
Neutrophil
- multilobed nucleus
Label the figure
Eosinophil
- bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
Label the figure
Basophil
- bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
Label the figure
small lymphocyte
- large, spherical nucleus
Label the figure
monocyte
- kidney-shaped nucleus
Label A-C
A: injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers to which platelets adhere
B: platelet plug forms
C: fibrin clot with trapped RBC
Label D-F
D: collagen fibers
E: platelets
F: fibrin
Label A-C
A: platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
B: PF3 from platelets and tissue factor from damaged tissue cells
C: calcium and other clotting factors in blood plasma
Label D and E
D: formation of prothrombin activator
E: coagulation
Label the figure
A: prothrombin
B: thrombin
C: fibrinogen (soluble)
D: fibrin (insoluble)
Label the figure
A: second rib
B: diaphragm
C: sternum
Label the figure
cardiac muscle bundles
Label the figure
A: intercalated discs
B: sarcolemma
C: nucleus
D: cardiac muscle cells
Label A-C
A: right atrium
B: tricuspid valve
C: right ventricle
Label D-F
D: chordae tendineae
E: inferior vena cava
F: left atrium
Label G-I
G: mitral (bicuspid) valve
H: aortic valve
I: pulmonary valve
Label J-L
J: left ventricle
K: papillary muscle
L: interventricular septum
Label M-O
M: epicardium
N: myocardium
O: endocardium
Label the figure
A: pulmonary valve
B: aortic valve
C: mitral valve
D: tricuspid valve
Label the figure
A: myocardium
B: tricuspid valve
C: mitral valve
D: aortic valve
E: pulmonary valve
Label the figure
A: chordae tendineae attached to tricuspid valve flap
B: papillary muscle
Label A-C
A: mitral valve
B: tricuspid valve
C: myocardium of the right ventricle
Label D-G
D: chordae tendineae
E: interventricular septum
F: papillary muscle
G: myocardium of left ventricle
Label A-C
A: superior vena cava
B: right pulmonary artery
C: pulmonary trunk
Label D-F
D: right atrium
E: right pulmonary veins
F: tricuspid valve
Label G-I
G: right ventricle
H: inferior vena cava
I: aorta
Label J-L
J: left pulmonary artery
K: left atrium
L: left pulmonary veins
Label M-P
M: mitral (bicuspid) valve
N: aortic valve
O: pulmonary valve
P: left ventricle
Label A-C
A: Brachiocephalic trunk
B: superior vena cava
C: right pulmonary trunk
Label D-F
D: ascending aorta
E: pulmonary trunk
F: right pulmonary veins
Label G-I
G: right atrium
H: right ventricle
I: inferior vena cava
Label J-L
J: left common carotid artery
K: left subclavian artery
L: aortic arch
Label M-O
M: left pulmonary artery
N: left pulmonary veins
O: auricle of left atrium
Label P and Q
P: left ventricle
Q: apex
Label A-C
A: aorta
B: left pulmonary artery
C: left pulmonary veins
Label D-F
D: left atrium
E: left ventricle
F: apex
Label G-I
G: superior vena cava
H: right pulmonary artery
I: right pulmonary veins
Label J-L
J: right atrium
K: inferior vena cava
L: right ventricle
Label A-C
A: capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
B: pulmonary circuit
C: pulmonary arteries
Label D-F
D: venae cavae
E: right atrium
F: right ventricle
Label G-I
G: systemic circuit
H: capillary beds of body tissues where gas exchange occurs
I: pulmonary veins
Label J-L
J: aorta and branches
K: left atrium
L: left ventricle
Label A-C
A: right coronary artery
B: right marginal artery
C: posterior interventricular artery
Label D-F
D: left coronary artery
E: circumflex artery
F: anterior interventricular artery
Label A-C
A: anterior cardiac veins
B: small cardiac vein
C: middle cardiac vein
Label D and E
D: great cardiac vein
E: coronary sinus
Label A-C
A: right atrium
B: right coronary artery in coronary sulcus
C: anterior cardiac vein
Label D-F
D: right ventricle
E: right marginal artery
F: small cardiac vein
Label G-I
G: inferior vena cava
H: auricle of left atrium
I: circumflex artery
Label J-L
J: left coronary artery in coronary sulcus
K: left ventricle
L: great cardiac vein
Label M and N
M: anterior interventricular artery in anterior interventricular sulcus
N: apex
Label A-C
A: left atrium
B: great cardiac vein
C: left ventricle
Label D-F
D: right atrium
E: coronary sinus
F: right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
Label G-I
G: posterior interventricular artery
H: middle cardiac vein
I: right ventricle
