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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 11 - Embryonic Development and Heredity > Flashcards

Lesson 11 - Embryonic Development and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic development: day 0 (2)

A

zygote

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2
Q

how is the zygote formed?

A

sperm and egg nuclei fusion

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3
Q

embryonic development: day 3

A

morula

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4
Q

embryonic development: days 4-6

A

blastocyst

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5
Q

the zygote divides without growth to form small cells called _____

A

blastomeres

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6
Q

morula

A

when zygotic division reaches 32 cells

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7
Q

blastocyst

A

hollowed out morula

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8
Q

the inner cell mass of a blastocyst forms the…

A

embryonic body

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9
Q

the outer layer of the blastocyst forms the _____ layer

A

trophoblast

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10
Q

the blastocyst also forms the _____ and part of the fetal _____

A

chorion, placenta

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11
Q

implantation

A

blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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12
Q

embryonic development: day 7 (3)

A
  • blastocyst implants
  • trophoblast secretes enzyme to erode uterine mucosa to expose vascular network
  • chorionic villi from trophoblast and uterine tissue will form placenta
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13
Q

as the implanted blastocyst grows, three embryonic layers form

A
  1. amnion
  2. yolk sac
  3. allantois
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14
Q

amnion

A

encases embryo in fluid-filled chamber

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15
Q

what is the function of the amnion?

A

protects against trauma, temp, and adhesion from rapid embryonic growth

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16
Q

yolk sac (2)

A

(1) forms the embryo’s first blood cells and (2) primordial germ cells here migrate to embryo body to form become germ cells in gonadal tissue

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17
Q

allantois

A

helps from umbilical cord

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18
Q

embryonic development: day 14

A

the uterine mucosa envelops the embryo

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19
Q

what stage is the embryo in at day 14?

A

gastrula

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20
Q

gastrula

A

three primary germ layers are present and begin to differentiate for the next 6 weeks

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21
Q

the uterine mucosa that envelops the embryo is called?

A

decidua capsularis

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22
Q

what is the uterine wall beneath the inner cell mass of the embryo called?

A

decidua basalis

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23
Q

three embryonic layers

A
  1. endoderm
  2. ectoderm
  3. mesoderm
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24
Q

the endoderm forms the… (2)

A
  • mucosa of digestive system
  • mucosa of respiratory system and their associated glands
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25
Q

the ectoderm forms the (2)

A

skin and nervous system

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26
Q

the mesoderm forms…(5)

A
  • everything in between
  • skeleton
  • skeletal muscles
  • walls of digestive organs
  • urinary and circulatory system
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27
Q

when is the embryo referred to as a fetus?

A

week 9

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28
Q

what is the major focus of development at week 9?

A

fetal growth and tissue/organ specialization/growth

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29
Q

gene

A

unit/area on DNA that contains hereditary info

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30
Q

alleles

A

genetic info coding for the same traits found on each pair on homologous chromosomes

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31
Q

homozygous trait

A

both alleles express the same info

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32
Q

heterozygous trait

A

one allele is dominant, while the other allele is recessive

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33
Q

recessive

A

masked by the expression of the dominant allele

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34
Q

dominant gene

A

requires one copy of the gene for the expression

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35
Q

recessive gene

A

requires both alleles to contain the gene for expression

36
Q

genotype

A

an individual’s genetic makeup

37
Q

phenotype

A

the physical appearance of the genes

38
Q

four main types of inheritance

A
  • dominant/recessive inheritance
  • incomplete dominance
  • sexlinked inheritance
  • codominance
39
Q

dominant-recessive inheritance/mendelian genetics (3)

A
  • dominant alleles are expressed
  • recessive alleles are expressed only when they are homozygous
  • genotype and phenotype determined using Punnett square
40
Q

examples of dominant/recessive traits (3)

A
  • D: regular skin/hair/eyes R: albinism
  • D: dwarfism R: regular height
  • D: heterochromia R: both eyes same color
41
Q

dwarfism is technically called…

A

achondroplasia

42
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous alleles yield phenotype different than from homozygous dominant phenotype

43
Q

Many genetic medical disorders that appear to be dominant-recessive are actually better described as being having what kind of dominance?

A

incomplete dominance

44
Q

explain the difference between having sickle cell anemia and the sickle cell trait

A
  • sickle cell anemia: have two copies of the recessive allele and produce 100% irregular blood cells
  • sickle cell trait: has one copy of the recessive allele and makes 50% normal and 50% irregular
45
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

inheritance of genes from the X (23rd) chromosome

46
Q

the X chromosome contains genes that determine….(3)

A
  • color vision
  • blood clotting
  • baldness
47
Q

autosomes

A

all of the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes

48
Q

why is the X chromosome unique?

A

it is the only chromosome of which you only require one copy

49
Q

the Y chromosome has very few genes, including…(2)

A
  • production of testosterone during fetal development
  • adolescent maturity in males
50
Q

-Y in an embryo results in…

A

failed pregnancy

51
Q

Interestingly, having extra copies of X in females and extra Ys in males…

A

does not appear to cause nay physiological problems for people

52
Q

X- results in…

A

Turners syndrome

53
Q

XXY results in…

A

Klinefelters syndrome

54
Q

XXX and XYY result in…

A

normal physiology

55
Q

hemophilia

A

blood clotting disorder

56
Q

hemophilia: Xh-Y results in…

A

a hemophiliac

57
Q

hemophilia: Xh-X results in…

A

a carrier of hemophilia

58
Q

hemophilia: Xh-Xh results in

A

a hemophiliac

59
Q

co-dominance

A

all alleles are expressed in the phenotype

60
Q

what is the best example of co-dominance?

A

A and B blood groups

61
Q

what is the only thing that can be used reliably to assign parentage?

A

a genetic paternity test

62
Q

_____ _____ occur all the time and can alter the expected genotype

A

random mutations

63
Q

______ _____ can alter the appearance of the expected phenotype from a genotype

A

masking genes

64
Q

Label A-C

A

A: zygote (fertilized egg)
B: 4-cell stage (day 2)
C: morula (a solid ball of blastomeres on day 3)

65
Q

Label D and D1

A

D: early blastocyst
D1: implanting blastocyst

66
Q

early blastocyst (4)

A
  • morula hollows out
  • fills with fluid
  • hatches from the zona pellucida
  • 4 days
67
Q

implanting blastocyst (2)

A
  • consists of a sphere of trophoblast cells and an eccentric cell cluster called the inner cell mass
  • 7 days
68
Q

Label E-G

A

E: ovary
F: ovulation
G: oocyte (egg)

69
Q

Label H-J

A

H: fertilization
I: uterine tube
J: sperm

70
Q

Label K-N

A

K: blastocyst cavity
L: inner cell mass
M: blastocyst cavity
N: trophoblast

71
Q

Label O-Q

A

O: uterus
P: endometrium
Q: cavity of uterus

72
Q

Label A-C

A

A: endometrium
B: amniotic cavity
C: endometrial epithelium

73
Q

Label D-F

A

D: chorion being formed
E: chorionic villus
F: chorion

74
Q

Label G-I

A

G: amnion
H: yolk sac
I: lumen of uterus

75
Q

Label J-L

A

J: amniotic cavity
K: primary germ layers
L: ectoderm

76
Q

Label M-O

A

M: mesoderm
N: endoderm
O: forming umbilical cord

77
Q

Label P-R

A

P: allantois
Q: decidua basalis
R: maternal blood

78
Q

Label S-U

A

S: chorionic villus
T: umbilical blood vessels in umbilical cord
U: amnion

79
Q

Label V-X

A

V: yolk sac
W: chorion
X: decidua capsularis

80
Q

Label A-C

A

A: placenta
B: decidua basalis
C: chorionic villi

81
Q

Label D-F

A

D: yolk sac
E: amnion
F: amniotic cavity

82
Q

Label G-I

A

G: umbilical cord
H: uterus
I: decidua capsularis

83
Q

Label J-L

A

J: chorionic villus containing fetal capillaries
K: fetal arteriole
L: fetal venule

84
Q

Label M-O

A

M: amnion
N: umbilical cord
O: myometrium

85
Q

Label P-R

A

P: stratum basalis of endometrium
Q: maternal portion of placenta (decidua basalis)
R: fetal portion of placenta (chorion)

86
Q

Label S and T

A

S: umbilical arteries
T: umbilical vein

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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