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BIO 172 prof. Wells > PRACTICAL #1 > Flashcards

PRACTICAL #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cortical gray matter

A

localizes and interprets sensory inputs

controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity

intellectual and emotional processing

(cerebral hemispheres)

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2
Q

basal nuclei

A

initiation of skeletal muscle movements

cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

thalamic nuclei

A

sensory to cerebral cortex

impulses to/from cerebral motor cortex including cerebellum

memory processing

(diencephalon)

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

integration center of autonomic nervous system

body temp

food intake

water balance

thirst

biological rhythms and drives

regulates hormones

produces ADH and oxytocin

(diencephalon)

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5
Q

midbrain

A

pathway between higher and lower brain centers

superior/inferior colliculi for visual/auditory reflexes

substantia nigra for melatonin

(brain stem)

Nerves 3 and 4

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6
Q

pons

A

pathway between higher and lower brain centers

relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum

(brain stem)

Nerves 5 - 7

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7
Q

medulla oblongata

A

pathway between higher and lower brain centers and spinal cord

filters out repetitive stimuli

(brain stem)

Nerves 8 - 12

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8
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, posture, smooth and coordinated skeletal movements

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9
Q

CRANIAL NERVE I (1)

A

OLFACTORY

SENSORY

SENSE OF SMELL

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10
Q

CRANIAL NERVE II (2)

A

OPTIC

SENSORY

VISION

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11
Q

CRANIAL NERVE III (3)

A

OCULOMOTOR

MOTOR

EYE MOVEMENT and PUPILLARY REFLEX

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12
Q

CRANIAL NERVE IV (4)

A

TROCHLEAR

MOTOR

EYE MOVEMENT (DOWN AND INWARD)

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13
Q

CRANIAL NERVE V (5)

A

TRIGEMINAL

BOTH

FACIAL SENSATION and TOUCH DISCRIMINATION and JAW MOVEMENT

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14
Q

CRANIAL NERVE VI (6)

A

ABDUCENS

MOTOR

LATERAL EYE MOVEMENT

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15
Q

CRANIAL NERVE VII (7)

A

FACIAL

BOTH

FACIAL EXPRESSION and ANTERIOR TASTE TONGUE

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16
Q

CRANIAL NERVE VIII (8)

A

VESTIBULOCHLEAR

SENSORY

HEARING and BALANCE

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17
Q

CRANIAL NERVE IX (9)

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

BOTH

POSTERIOR TASTE TONGUE and GAG REFLEX and SWALLOWING

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18
Q

CRANIAL NERVE X (10)

A

VAGUS

BOTH

PARASYMPATHETIC, VISCERA

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19
Q

CRANIAL NERVE XI (11)

A

ACCESSORY

MOTOR

TRAPEZIUS, STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID (HEAD and NECK MUSCLE) MOVEMENT

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20
Q

CRANIAL NERVE XII (12)

A

HYPOGLOSSAL

MOTOR

TONGUE MOVEMENT (SPEACH AND SWALLOWING)

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21
Q

what is the function of neuroglia and what types are there and where?

A

supporting cells

CNS:
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

PNS:
schwann cells
satellite cells

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22
Q

function and characteristic of sensory neuron

A

unipolar

afferent

receives sensory information

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23
Q

function and characteristic of interneuron

A

multipolar

association neuron

processes and relays info between two other neurons

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24
Q

function and characteristic of motor neuron

A

multipolar

efferent

sends out command to muscle

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25
Q

function of astrocytes

A

maintain blood-brain barrier by stimulating endothelial cells

26
Q

function of microglia

A

microphages – clear cellular debris and dead neurons. Defenders

27
Q

function of ependymal

A

forms epithelial lining of ventricles

lining for the CSF

28
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

support and insulate axons

myelin sheath for the CNS

29
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

dural sinus that collects brain blood in falx cerebri

30
Q

arachnoid granulations (or arachnoid villi)

A

penetrate meningeal layer of dura mater into superior sagittal sinus

allows drainage of CSF into venous circulation

31
Q

lateral rectus: function

A

moves lateral

32
Q

medial rectus: function

A

moves medial

33
Q

superior rectus: function

A

elevates and turns medial

34
Q

inferior rectus: function

A

depresses and turns medial

35
Q

superior oblique tendon: function

A

depresses and turns medial

36
Q

inferior oblique: function

A

elevates and turns medial

37
Q

flow of tears from the site of production to the arrival in the nasal cavity

A

lacrimal gland releases lacrimal secretions

moves across eye

drain through lacrimal puncta into pairs lacrimal canaliculi

drain into lacrimal sac

drains into nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity

38
Q

tapetum lucidum: function

A

reflective tissue

reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors

39
Q

describe what is found in the pigmented and neural layer of the retina

and what the main function of each layer is

A

pigmented layer absorb light and prevent it from scattering throughout the eye. Stores Vit A for photoreceptors

neural layer contains photorecptors (rods and cones) which create the electrical events for vision processing

40
Q

what is osseous labyrinth

A

internal ear:

vestibule

cochlea

semicircular canals

41
Q

from the time that sound waves enter the ear all the way through the stimulation of the bipolar sensory neurons

A

sound waves in air

hits eardrum

eardrum vibration pushes chain of ossicle bones

stapes presses on oval window

internal ear fluid pushes on membranes

membrane movement distort hair cells

hair cells stimulate sensory neurons

neurons generate impulse to occipital lobe

42
Q

what is otitis media

A

mucosal membranes of middle ear cavity and nasopharynx are connected through pharyngotympanic tube

inflammation of middle ear

young kids with sore throats

43
Q

lacrimal caruncle produces _____

A

oil slick secretions

sleepers

44
Q

what is sty

A

infection of one of sebaceous glands

45
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

46
Q

the conjunctiva contains many ____ _____

A

blood vessels

47
Q

this separates the two fluid filled cavities in the eye

A

lens

48
Q

two layers of retina and function

A

pigmented layer (absorbs light)

neural layer (light into nerve impulses)

49
Q

does the optic disc have any photoreceptors?

A

no the optic disc does not have any photoreceptors

blind spot

50
Q

are there more rods or more cones

A

more rods

51
Q

function of rods

A

dim light vision

no color no sharpness

52
Q

function of cones

A

color and sharpness

53
Q

what is visual acuity

A

sharpness

54
Q

3 layers of neurons in retina

A

photoreceptors (outer)

bipolars (middle)

ganglions (inner)

55
Q

steps of how we see

A

light hits back of eye and excites

photoreceptors

bipolar

ganglion

optic nerve

occipital lobe

processing

56
Q

function of auricle

A

directs sound

57
Q

function of hair cells

A

receptors for hearing

58
Q

what’s the reflective crap in the cow eye called

A

tapetum lucidum

tape tum luci dum

59
Q

double vision is called

A

diplopia

60
Q

what controls shape of lens

A

ciliary body

61
Q

what secretes wax

A

ceruminous glands

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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