Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards
list endocrine glands
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal
list organs with endocrine cells
hypothalamus
pancreas
gonads
others
what is IH hormone
inhibiting hormone
inhibits anterior pituitary
what is RH hormone
releasing hormone
stimulates anterior pituitary
role of hypothalamus
links nervous and endocrine system activities
its neurons produce hormones released by anterior pit.
produces regulatory hormones
autonomic control of endocrine cells in adrenal medulla
location of pituitary gland
in sella turcia
what connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
the infundibulum connects the pit gland and hypothalamus
how many hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pit. gland
7 hormones are released by the anterior of the pit. gland
how many hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pit. gland
2 hormones are released by the posterior of the pit. gland
function of the post. pit. gland
hormone storage area in post. pit. gland
where are ADH and oxytocin made, transported, stored, and released by?
made in hypothalamus
transported to post. pit.
stored in post. pit.
hypothalamus neuron firing causes release
what is oxytocin released in response to
oxytocin is released in response to cervical/uterine stretching at end of pregnancy
what is the oxytocin response in the uterus
smooth muscle contraction; labor
what is the mammary gland response to oxytocin
milk let-down reflex and ejection
what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the kidneys
greater water reabsorption
less water loss
what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the hypothalamus
↑ thirst
what connects the hypothalamus and ant. pit. gland
the hypothalamus and the ant. pit. gland are connected by the hypophyseal portal system
what is the result of prolactin release
milk production by breast tissue
breast development
when does the production of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) end
production of MSH usually ends before adulthood
function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulated the production of melanin
functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
regs gamete production
regs estrogen production
functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation
↑ estrogen levels
↑ testosterone levels
how many hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland and what are they
seven (7)
ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH — thyroid stimulating hormone
GH — growth hormone
PRL — prolactin
FSH — follicle stimulating hormone
LH — luteinizing hormone
MSH — melanin stimulating hormone
how many hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland and what are they
two (2)
OXT — oxytocin
ADH — antidiuretic hormone
other name for growth hormone (GH)
somatotropin
other name for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin
what regulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
the hypothalamus CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
reg release of cortisol from adrenal cortex
what regulates growth hormone (GH)
GHRH and GHIH
function of growth hormone (GH)
↑ protein synth
↑ mitosis (growth)
pituitary gigantism is the result of…
too much growth hormone (GH) production
to much growth hormone (GH) can cause…
pituitary gigantism
too little growth hormone (GH) production can cause…
pituitary dwarfism
pituitary dwarfism is the result of…
too little growth hormone (GH) production
what is needed to make thyroid hormones
iodine and thyroglobulin are needed to make thyroid hormones
function of thyroid gland
↑ basal metabolic rate
body heat production
enzyme/protein production
function of thyroid follicles
thyroid follicles make thyroglobulin that is used for making thyroid hormone
order of thyroid stimulus
stimulus → TRH → TSH → TH secretion
how is thyroid hormone (TH) transported
TH transport requires proteins, thyroid binding globulins (TBGs)
what organs are affected by thyroid hormone (TH)
heart and lungs
what is the calorigenic effect of TH
body heat increases as cells use more energy
what causes hypothyroidism
too little thyroid hormone (TH)
result of hypothyroidism
hashimotos
goiters (neck growth)
what causes hyperthyroidism
too much thyroid hormone (TH)
what is the result of hyperthyroidism
grave’s disease (high metabolism, high body heat, low BMI)
what makes calcitonin
C cells in thyroid gland
C cells in thyroid gland make…
calcitonin
function of C cells
directly monitor Ca2+ concentrations
what directly monitors Ca2+ concentrations
C cells
calcitonin is releases in response to…
elevated Ca2+ levels
function of calcitonin
gets Ca2+ concentrations out of the body
inhibits osteoclasts
kidney Ca2+ excretion
function of parathyroid (chief) cells
directly monitor blood Ca2+ levels
produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
puts Ca2+ back into the body
↑ osteoclasts
↑ Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys
↑ Ca2+ absorption in intestines
what causes Addison’s disease and the result
little to no cortisol from adrenal cortex
weight loss, fatigue, weakness
what causes Cushing’s disease and the result
too much cortisol from adrenal cortex
redistribution of body fat, weakness, salt retention
main role of adrenal medulla
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to sympathetic stimulation (stress, fear, excitement)
catecholamines are another name for…
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is stress
any situation that upsets homeostasis, threatens physical and emotional well being
what are two types of stress
physical and emotional
what is the response of stress
release of epinephrine, fight-or-flight response, increased blood glucose and oxygen
function and result of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
increased fat and protein breakdown for liver to turn into blood glucose
weakened immune system
function and result of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
↑ sodium and water retention
↑ blood pressure
alpha cells in pancreas secrete what and when
alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon between meals when blood glucose levels fall below normal levels
beta cells in pancreas secrete what and when
beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are above normal
what causes diabetes mellitus
inadequate uptake of glucose from blood
result of diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia: high blood glucose
glycosuria: glucose in urine
polyuria: high urine volume
describe type 1 diabetes mellitus
least common
low/no insulin
describe type 2 diabetes mellitus
most common
related to obesity
decreased insulin release or ineffectiveness
function of gastrointestinal tract
produces hormones for digestion
calcitriol is produced by…
the kidneys
function of erythropoietin EPO
↑ RBC production
what produces erythropoietin
the kidneys
where could you find natriuretic peptides
the heart
function of natriuretic peptides
decreases blood vol. and pressure when it increases
function of thymosins
T-lymph and immune response
where can thymosins be found
in the thymus
function of leptin
regulates appitite and metabolism
leptin is release by…
leptin is released by adipose
what does increased adipose cause
early puberty and fertility
what does decreased adipose cause
later puberty or stop menstruating
function and location of acinar cells
secretes enzyme-rich digestive juice into duodenum
exocrine pancreas
function and location of pancreatic islets
alpha cells: release glucagon
beta cells: release insulin
endocrine pancreas
function of glucocorticoids
important in stress response
in response to CRH ACTH
↑ nutrients in blood
what stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
growth hormone (GH) targeting liver
effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
↑ protein synthesis
↑ mitosis, growth in tissues
