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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list endocrine glands

A

pituitary

thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

pineal

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2
Q

list organs with endocrine cells

A

hypothalamus

pancreas

gonads

others

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3
Q

what is IH hormone

A

inhibiting hormone

inhibits anterior pituitary

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4
Q

what is RH hormone

A

releasing hormone

stimulates anterior pituitary

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5
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

links nervous and endocrine system activities

its neurons produce hormones released by anterior pit.

produces regulatory hormones

autonomic control of endocrine cells in adrenal medulla

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6
Q

location of pituitary gland

A

in sella turcia

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7
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

the infundibulum connects the pit gland and hypothalamus

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8
Q

how many hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pit. gland

A

7 hormones are released by the anterior of the pit. gland

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9
Q

how many hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pit. gland

A

2 hormones are released by the posterior of the pit. gland

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10
Q

function of the post. pit. gland

A

hormone storage area in post. pit. gland

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11
Q

where are ADH and oxytocin made, transported, stored, and released by?

A

made in hypothalamus

transported to post. pit.

stored in post. pit.

hypothalamus neuron firing causes release

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12
Q

what is oxytocin released in response to

A

oxytocin is released in response to cervical/uterine stretching at end of pregnancy

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13
Q

what is the oxytocin response in the uterus

A

smooth muscle contraction; labor

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14
Q

what is the mammary gland response to oxytocin

A

milk let-down reflex and ejection

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15
Q

what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the kidneys

A

greater water reabsorption

less water loss

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16
Q

what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the hypothalamus

A

↑ thirst

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17
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and ant. pit. gland

A

the hypothalamus and the ant. pit. gland are connected by the hypophyseal portal system

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18
Q

what is the result of prolactin release

A

milk production by breast tissue

breast development

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19
Q

when does the production of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) end

A

production of MSH usually ends before adulthood

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20
Q

function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

stimulated the production of melanin

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21
Q

functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

regs gamete production

regs estrogen production

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22
Q

functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

triggers ovulation

↑ estrogen levels

↑ testosterone levels

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23
Q

how many hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland and what are they

A

seven (7)

ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone

TSH — thyroid stimulating hormone

GH — growth hormone

PRL — prolactin

FSH — follicle stimulating hormone

LH — luteinizing hormone

MSH — melanin stimulating hormone

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24
Q

how many hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland and what are they

A

two (2)

OXT — oxytocin

ADH — antidiuretic hormone

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25
Q

other name for growth hormone (GH)

A

somatotropin

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26
Q

other name for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotropin

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27
Q

what regulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

the hypothalamus CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

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28
Q

function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

reg release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

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29
Q

what regulates growth hormone (GH)

A

GHRH and GHIH

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30
Q

function of growth hormone (GH)

A

↑ protein synth

↑ mitosis (growth)

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31
Q

pituitary gigantism is the result of…

A

too much growth hormone (GH) production

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32
Q

to much growth hormone (GH) can cause…

A

pituitary gigantism

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33
Q

too little growth hormone (GH) production can cause…

A

pituitary dwarfism

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34
Q

pituitary dwarfism is the result of…

A

too little growth hormone (GH) production

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35
Q

what is needed to make thyroid hormones

A

iodine and thyroglobulin are needed to make thyroid hormones

36
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

↑ basal metabolic rate

body heat production

enzyme/protein production

37
Q

function of thyroid follicles

A

thyroid follicles make thyroglobulin that is used for making thyroid hormone

38
Q

order of thyroid stimulus

A

stimulus → TRH → TSH → TH secretion

39
Q

how is thyroid hormone (TH) transported

A

TH transport requires proteins, thyroid binding globulins (TBGs)

40
Q

what organs are affected by thyroid hormone (TH)

A

heart and lungs

41
Q

what is the calorigenic effect of TH

A

body heat increases as cells use more energy

42
Q

what causes hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroid hormone (TH)

43
Q

result of hypothyroidism

A

hashimotos

goiters (neck growth)

44
Q

what causes hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroid hormone (TH)

45
Q

what is the result of hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease (high metabolism, high body heat, low BMI)

46
Q

what makes calcitonin

A

C cells in thyroid gland

47
Q

C cells in thyroid gland make…

A

calcitonin

48
Q

function of C cells

A

directly monitor Ca2+ concentrations

49
Q

what directly monitors Ca2+ concentrations

A

C cells

50
Q

calcitonin is releases in response to…

A

elevated Ca2+ levels

51
Q

function of calcitonin

A

gets Ca2+ concentrations out of the body

inhibits osteoclasts

kidney Ca2+ excretion

52
Q

function of parathyroid (chief) cells

A

directly monitor blood Ca2+ levels

produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

53
Q

effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

puts Ca2+ back into the body

↑ osteoclasts

↑ Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys

↑ Ca2+ absorption in intestines

54
Q

what causes Addison’s disease and the result

A

little to no cortisol from adrenal cortex

weight loss, fatigue, weakness

55
Q

what causes Cushing’s disease and the result

A

too much cortisol from adrenal cortex

redistribution of body fat, weakness, salt retention

56
Q

main role of adrenal medulla

A

release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to sympathetic stimulation (stress, fear, excitement)

57
Q

catecholamines are another name for…

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

what is stress

A

any situation that upsets homeostasis, threatens physical and emotional well being

59
Q

what are two types of stress

A

physical and emotional

60
Q

what is the response of stress

A

release of epinephrine, fight-or-flight response, increased blood glucose and oxygen

61
Q

function and result of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

increased fat and protein breakdown for liver to turn into blood glucose

weakened immune system

62
Q

function and result of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

↑ sodium and water retention

↑ blood pressure

63
Q

alpha cells in pancreas secrete what and when

A

alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon between meals when blood glucose levels fall below normal levels

64
Q

beta cells in pancreas secrete what and when

A

beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are above normal

65
Q

what causes diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate uptake of glucose from blood

66
Q

result of diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia: high blood glucose
glycosuria: glucose in urine
polyuria: high urine volume

67
Q

describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

least common

low/no insulin

68
Q

describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

most common

related to obesity

decreased insulin release or ineffectiveness

69
Q

function of gastrointestinal tract

A

produces hormones for digestion

70
Q

calcitriol is produced by…

A

the kidneys

71
Q

function of erythropoietin EPO

A

↑ RBC production

72
Q

what produces erythropoietin

A

the kidneys

73
Q

where could you find natriuretic peptides

A

the heart

74
Q

function of natriuretic peptides

A

decreases blood vol. and pressure when it increases

75
Q

function of thymosins

A

T-lymph and immune response

76
Q

where can thymosins be found

A

in the thymus

77
Q

function of leptin

A

regulates appitite and metabolism

78
Q

leptin is release by…

A

leptin is released by adipose

79
Q

what does increased adipose cause

A

early puberty and fertility

80
Q

what does decreased adipose cause

A

later puberty or stop menstruating

81
Q

function and location of acinar cells

A

secretes enzyme-rich digestive juice into duodenum

exocrine pancreas

82
Q

function and location of pancreatic islets

A

alpha cells: release glucagon

beta cells: release insulin

endocrine pancreas

83
Q

function of glucocorticoids

A

important in stress response

in response to CRH ACTH

↑ nutrients in blood

84
Q

what stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

A

growth hormone (GH) targeting liver

85
Q

effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

A

↑ protein synthesis

↑ mitosis, growth in tissues

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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