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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function: supersystem

A

nervous and endocrine system

release chemicals, bind receptors

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2
Q

goal: supersystem

A

coordinate body functions and preserve homeostasis

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3
Q

describe: endocrine system

A

endocrine cells secrete chemical hormones into blood

blood reached target cells with hormone receptor

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4
Q

NS vs. ES communication method

A

NS = impulses cause NT to release locally

ES = hormones secreted into blood to distant cells

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5
Q

NS vs. ES target cells

A

NS = post-synaptic neurons, muscles, and glands

ES = any body cell with receptor far from release

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6
Q

NS vs. ES response time

A

NS = rapid msec -> sec

ES = slow sec -> min -> hour

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7
Q

NS vs. ES stimulation effect

A

NS = stimulation, inhibition

ES = growth, reproduction

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8
Q

NS vs. ES range of effect

A

NS = local and specific

ES = widespread

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9
Q

NS vs. ES duration of response

A

NS = short term and stops with stimulus removal

ES = long term and continues after stimulus removed

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10
Q

function of exocrine glands

A

secrete non-hormonal products onto a surface

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11
Q

function of endocrine glands

A

secrete hormone products into surrounding body fluids

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12
Q

what are hormones

A

circulating chemical messengers

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13
Q

circulation of hormones

A

hormones come from secretory cells and enter interstitial fluid into blood

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14
Q

how long do hormones circulate

A

hours

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15
Q

how are hormones inactivated

A

enzymes or liver

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16
Q

how are hormones eliminated

A

kidneys

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17
Q

what kind of solubility are steroid hormones

A

steroid hormones are lipid soluble

18
Q

what are steroid hormones made from

A

steroid hormones are made from cholesterol

19
Q

where do steroid hormones end up

A

steroid hormones enter the nucleus

20
Q

what kind of solubility are protein hormones

A

protein hormones are water soluble

21
Q

how long are protein hormones

A

variable lengths (9 -> 198 aa’s)

22
Q

what is a prohormone

A

prohormones get activated into protein hormones

23
Q

what kind of solubility are biogenic amines

A

water soluble (except thyroid hormone)

24
Q

if something is water soluble then it is…

A

lipid insoluble

25
Q

if something is lipid soluble then it is…

A

water insoluble

26
Q

hormones travel through the blood either one of two ways…

A

free (water soluble)

protein-bound (lipid soluble)

27
Q

what does blood concentration reflect

A

rate of synthesis and release

rate of inactivation or elimination

28
Q

what are two causes of altered rate in the inactivation or elimination in blood concentration

A

enzyme degradation

removal by kidneys

29
Q

do all hormones have immediate effects?

A

nope.

30
Q

do all hormones have short-term or long-term effects

A

some short-term, some long-term

31
Q

effects of hormones on plasma membrane

A

effects permeability

opens/closes ion channels

32
Q

do hormones increase or decrease enzyme synthesis

A

hormones increase enzyme synthesis

33
Q

mechanism of lipid soluble hormones

A

enters target cell

activates receptor-hormone complex, alters gene expression

specific proteins are created

new proteins alter cell’s activity

34
Q

mechanisms of water soluble hormone

A

binds to plasma membrane receptor

starts multi-step transduction pathway

signals G protein

35
Q

what is up-regulation

A

more receptors due to decreased hormone levels

36
Q

what is down-regulation

A

less receptors due to elevated hormone levels

37
Q

what are three things that influence hormone-receptor interaction

A

blood levels of hormone

of receptors

affinity (strength) of binding between hormone and receptor

38
Q

negative feedback of hormone release

A

opposes original stimuli

39
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

40
Q

humoral stimulation

A

release of a hormone in response to change in levels of nutrients or ion in blood

41
Q

nervous system stimulation

A

release of hormone in response to stimulation by NS

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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