Chapter 22 [ EXAM #4 ] Flashcards
what two systems does the lymphatic system support?
lymph system supports immune system and cardiovascular system
define lymph
fluid filtered out of capillary during exchange
function of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to venous system
what are lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs
tissues and organs that lymph passes through
define lymph nodes
small organs with lymphocytes
clustered along lymphatic vessels
function of lymph nodes
small organs with lymphocytes that “clean” lymph passing through
macrophages removes/destroy pathogens before entering blood, presenting antigen to lymphocytes
what are three examples of lymph tissues
tonsils, thymus, spleen
function of lacteals
absorbs fat from intestines to blood
function of lymphatic capillaries
drains almost all tissues
returns excess interstitial fluid/proteins to blood
lymphatic flow
lymphatic capillaries to larger lymph vessels
flows with blood vessels
what forms the mini valves in lymphatic vessels
one-way endothelial cells open like doors
are lymphatic vessels high or low pressure?
low pressure
what is metastasis
to spread
i.e. spreading of cancer, highway for cancer cells
what is the right lymphatic duct and what does it dump into?
lymph from right side superior diaphragm
dumps into right subclavian vein
what is the thoracic duct and what does it dump into
lymph for rest of body
dumps into left subclavian vein
what is lymphedema
pooling of interstitial fluid, unable to drain
nasty ankles
function of lymphocytes
protect against foreign antigens
where are B cells derived from
bone marrow
what mediates B cells
antibody mediated
type of immunity B cells
humoral immunity
where are T cells derived from
thymus
what mediates T cells
cell mediated
T cells type of immunity
majority of immunity
cell-to-cell combat
function of natural killer (NK) cells
attack and destroy foreign materials
what is immunological surveillance
NK cells, attack and destroy
function and components of primary lymphatic structure
site of formation and maturation of lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus
function and components of secondary lymphatic structure
house lymphocytes and other immune cells
immune response starts • lymph nodes • spleen • tonsils • MALT
what are the types of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
NK cells
where do T cells complete their maturation
thymus
what is immunocompetent
defense-ready, “educated”
does the thymus directly fight pathogens
nope, educates T cells
what is the blood-thymus barrier
T cells isolated from systematic circulation by epithelial cells
purpose of blood-thymus barrier
prevents pathogens from leaking in and causing early activation of untrained lymphocytes
what are lymphathic organs
well defined capsule surrounds…
lymph nodes and spleen
what is lymphatic tissue
no well defined capsule surrounding…
tonsils and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT
function of macrophages
present antigen to lymphocytes to destroy foreign materials
functions of the spleen
RBC graveyard
filters blood
V V V EXTRA V V V
stores iron from RBCs
stores blood platelets
responds to antigens in blood
starts immune response
function of white pulp of spleen and what is in it
monitors blood flow
contains many lymphocytes, macrophages
function of red pulp of spleen and what is in it
eliminates old RBCs and pathogens, stores platelets
contains many macrophages, platelets
function of tonsils
protect against foreign substances (bacteria) inhaled or ingested
produces immune memory cells early in life
where is mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT
scattered throughout body mucous membranes
function of mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT
defense against foreign substances that make contact in mucous membranes
what is Peyer’s patch and where is it
destroy bacteria before entering intestinal wall
located in small intestines
what are infectious agents
invade and cause damage to body
what are pathogens
disease causing, toxins, cancer cells
what are adaptive “specific” defenses
what lines of defense are included
develop after birth due to exposure
B and T cells
3rd line of defense = protect against SPECIFIC pathogens
what are innate “nonspecific” defenses
what lines of defense are included
present at birth, immediate response to all pathogens
1st line of defense = physical barriers (skin, mucosa)
2nd line of defense = phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation
what is normal flora
good bacteria that prevents growth of pathogens
what are fixed macrophages
permanent residents
stay in specific organ
what are free macrophages
wander the body searching for cell debris and foreign invaders
what is phagocytosis
macrophage adhesion to pathogen
what is opsonization
foreign particle coated with antibodies
what are phagolysosomes
lysosome enzymes that digest foreigner
what are defensins
released by neutrophils to make holes in pathogens
what is antigen presentation
processing of pathogens and presents it so other cells can recognize and destroy
is immunological surveillance specific or non specific
non specific
destroys unhealthy cells before adaptive immunity activated
what are perforins
perforate unhealthy cell’s plasma membrane by forming pores upon physical contact
what is apoptosis
cell shrivels up and implodes by NK cells
what are basophils and mast cells
proinflammatory, chemical secreting cells
increase fluid movement
chemotactic attraction to other immune cells
what are interferons (IFN)
attack microorganisms directly or interfere with their reproduction
protects against viral infection
class of cytokines, cell-to-cell communication
classical complement system
FAST
ANTIBODIES bind to foreigner cell, leads to compliment (C) activation
alternative complement system
SLOW
C becomes active and binds to pathogen
what is the complement (C) system in context to anti-microbial proteins
20-30 proteins that complement innate and adaptive defenses
result of anti-microbial protein complement system (C)
increased inflammation
pore formation by membrane attack complex MAC that lyses target cells
*** what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation
R.H.S.P.
redness = increased blood flow
heat = increased blood flow and metabolism
swelling = capillaries leak protein-rich fluid into interstitial space
pain = stimulation of pain receptors due to compression
MAY ALSO CAUSE LOSS OF FUNCTION
what cells are key to inflammation release
mast cells:
histamine: vasodilator, increase capillary perm.
heparin: anticoagulant
prostaglandins: stimulates pain nerves
what are leukocytosis inducing factors
WBC production (leaves bone marrow and enters blood)
what are the vascular changes in inflammation
vasodilation
increased capillary perm
increased fluid, protein, and immune cells in tissue
inflamed endothelial cells display…
CAMs cell adhesion molecules
what is pus
pocket of dead phagocytes, tissue, and foreign debris (abscess)
what is inflammation
damages cells, mast cells and infectious organisms release numerous chemicals
what is normal body temp
37 C and 98.6 F
what are pyrogens
chemicals affect hypothalamus, reset body temp higher (fever inducing)
why can a high fever be dangerous
denatures enzymes (proteins)
benefits of fever
decreased bacteria and virus infection
increase metabolism (quicker defense)
characteristics of adaptive immunity
acquired
has memory; more effective to 2nd exposure
self tolerant; does not attack self-antigens
widespread; can spread systematically
what are antigens
non-self substances that activate adaptive immune response
what is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
group of cell surface markers that ID cell as self
class 1 and class 2 MHCs
where are class 1 MHCs
on all nucleated cells
where are class 2 MHCs
only on certain immune responding cells
macrophages, dendritic, B lymphs
** function and operation of T cells
cell mediated
kills and helps kill abnormals like cancer and viruses
must have antigen presented to them by MHCs
** function and operation of B cells
humoral or antibody mediated
produces antibodies against antigens in blood and lymph (cannot cross membranes)
B cells can make direct contact with antigen without MHCs
what cells does CD4+ interact with specifically
MHC class 2
what cells does CD8+ interact with specifically
MHC class 1
what do T cells eventually become…
CD4+ helper T cells
CD8+ cytotoxic cells
what are the antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their function
macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphs
display MHC 2 in addition to MHC 1
what two things make lymph move in lymph vessels
one way valves
pressure gradient
what branches of immunity are helper CD4+ T cells involved in
all branches; innate and adaptive
function of CD4+ T cells
inactive = recognize APC class 2 MHC with specific foreign antigen, binds, does not kill
active = produces 2 types of CD4+ cells
• Memory TH cells = inactive
• Active TH cells = activates CD8+
function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
CD8+ T cells bind to class 1 MHC cells (infected cells)
produces:
• cytotoxic T cells = roam, seek, and directly attack and destroy cells with target Ag
• memory T cells = see Ag second time and respond more quick
what’s the difference between NK cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
NK cells are not specific
cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are specific
what two things does B cell activation produce
plasma cells = short-lived speicifc antibody secreting B cells
memory B cells = long-lived reserve, quickly respond to 2nd exposure
what is an antibody
immunoglobulin that bind to specific Ag
how specific are antibodies
ANTIBODIES ARE SUPER FUCKING SPECIFIC
what is antibody titer
circulating blood concentration
what are the five antibodies
IgG = most abundant in plasma, versatile
IgM = huge, 1st antibody released into blood by plasma cells, transfusion rejection and blood agglutination
IgA = secretory; in mucus, saliva ( in areas exposed to environment, protects)
IgD = antigen specific B cell receptor on B cell surface
IgE = troublemakers, sensitizes mast cells and basophils causing a release of chemicals involved in inflammation
what are the only two antibodies not in breastmilk?
IgD and IgE
what is the primary response in immunological memory and how long does it last
first exposure of B cells to Ag
B cells become active
takes ~ 1 - 2 weeks
what is the secondary response in immunological memory and how long does it last
next exposure to Ag
Memory B cells quickly become plasma cells
produce massive amounts of Abs
what is hypersensitivity
potentially harmful overreaction to antigens
what is type 1 hypersensitivity
allergies; reaction to environmental antigens
what is anaphylaxis
allergens cause major systemic mast cell response
might cause anaphylactic shock, possibly fatal
what is HIV
infects and destroys CD4+ helper T cells and cannot initiate immune response
what is AIDS
when helper T cells fall below healthy level and cannot initiate immune response
