Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 22 [ EXAM #4 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 22 [ EXAM #4 ] Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what two systems does the lymphatic system support?

A

lymph system supports immune system and cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define lymph

A

fluid filtered out of capillary during exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)

A

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to venous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs

A

tissues and organs that lymph passes through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define lymph nodes

A

small organs with lymphocytes

clustered along lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

small organs with lymphocytes that “clean” lymph passing through

macrophages removes/destroy pathogens before entering blood, presenting antigen to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are three examples of lymph tissues

A

tonsils, thymus, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of lacteals

A

absorbs fat from intestines to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

function of lymphatic capillaries

A

drains almost all tissues

returns excess interstitial fluid/proteins to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lymphatic flow

A

lymphatic capillaries to larger lymph vessels

flows with blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what forms the mini valves in lymphatic vessels

A

one-way endothelial cells open like doors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

are lymphatic vessels high or low pressure?

A

low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is metastasis

A

to spread

i.e. spreading of cancer, highway for cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct and what does it dump into?

A

lymph from right side superior diaphragm

dumps into right subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the thoracic duct and what does it dump into

A

lymph for rest of body

dumps into left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is lymphedema

A

pooling of interstitial fluid, unable to drain

nasty ankles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

protect against foreign antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are B cells derived from

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what mediates B cells

A

antibody mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

type of immunity B cells

A

humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are T cells derived from

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what mediates T cells

A

cell mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T cells type of immunity

A

majority of immunity

cell-to-cell combat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of natural killer (NK) cells

A

attack and destroy foreign materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is immunological surveillance

A

NK cells, attack and destroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

function and components of primary lymphatic structure

A

site of formation and maturation of lymphocytes

bone marrow

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function and components of secondary lymphatic structure

A

house lymphocytes and other immune cells

immune response starts
• lymph nodes
• spleen
• tonsils
• MALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the types of lymphocytes

A

B cells

T cells

NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where do T cells complete their maturation

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is immunocompetent

A

defense-ready, “educated”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

does the thymus directly fight pathogens

A

nope, educates T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the blood-thymus barrier

A

T cells isolated from systematic circulation by epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

purpose of blood-thymus barrier

A

prevents pathogens from leaking in and causing early activation of untrained lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are lymphathic organs

A

well defined capsule surrounds…

lymph nodes and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is lymphatic tissue

A

no well defined capsule surrounding…

tonsils and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

function of macrophages

A

present antigen to lymphocytes to destroy foreign materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

functions of the spleen

A

RBC graveyard

filters blood

V V V EXTRA V V V

stores iron from RBCs

stores blood platelets

responds to antigens in blood

starts immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of white pulp of spleen and what is in it

A

monitors blood flow

contains many lymphocytes, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

function of red pulp of spleen and what is in it

A

eliminates old RBCs and pathogens, stores platelets

contains many macrophages, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of tonsils

A

protect against foreign substances (bacteria) inhaled or ingested

produces immune memory cells early in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where is mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT

A

scattered throughout body mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

function of mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT

A

defense against foreign substances that make contact in mucous membranes

43
Q

what is Peyer’s patch and where is it

A

destroy bacteria before entering intestinal wall

located in small intestines

44
Q

what are infectious agents

A

invade and cause damage to body

45
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing, toxins, cancer cells

46
Q

what are adaptive “specific” defenses

what lines of defense are included

A

develop after birth due to exposure

B and T cells

3rd line of defense = protect against SPECIFIC pathogens

47
Q

what are innate “nonspecific” defenses

what lines of defense are included

A

present at birth, immediate response to all pathogens

1st line of defense = physical barriers (skin, mucosa)

2nd line of defense = phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation

48
Q

what is normal flora

A

good bacteria that prevents growth of pathogens

49
Q

what are fixed macrophages

A

permanent residents

stay in specific organ

50
Q

what are free macrophages

A

wander the body searching for cell debris and foreign invaders

51
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

macrophage adhesion to pathogen

52
Q

what is opsonization

A

foreign particle coated with antibodies

53
Q

what are phagolysosomes

A

lysosome enzymes that digest foreigner

54
Q

what are defensins

A

released by neutrophils to make holes in pathogens

55
Q

what is antigen presentation

A

processing of pathogens and presents it so other cells can recognize and destroy

56
Q

is immunological surveillance specific or non specific

A

non specific

destroys unhealthy cells before adaptive immunity activated

57
Q

what are perforins

A

perforate unhealthy cell’s plasma membrane by forming pores upon physical contact

58
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell shrivels up and implodes by NK cells

59
Q

what are basophils and mast cells

A

proinflammatory, chemical secreting cells

increase fluid movement

chemotactic attraction to other immune cells

60
Q

what are interferons (IFN)

A

attack microorganisms directly or interfere with their reproduction

protects against viral infection

class of cytokines, cell-to-cell communication

61
Q

classical complement system

A

FAST

ANTIBODIES bind to foreigner cell, leads to compliment (C) activation

62
Q

alternative complement system

A

SLOW

C becomes active and binds to pathogen

63
Q

what is the complement (C) system in context to anti-microbial proteins

A

20-30 proteins that complement innate and adaptive defenses

64
Q

result of anti-microbial protein complement system (C)

A

increased inflammation

pore formation by membrane attack complex MAC that lyses target cells

65
Q

*** what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

R.H.S.P.

redness = increased blood flow

heat = increased blood flow and metabolism

swelling = capillaries leak protein-rich fluid into interstitial space

pain = stimulation of pain receptors due to compression

MAY ALSO CAUSE LOSS OF FUNCTION

66
Q

what cells are key to inflammation release

A

mast cells:

histamine: vasodilator, increase capillary perm.
heparin: anticoagulant
prostaglandins: stimulates pain nerves

67
Q

what are leukocytosis inducing factors

A

WBC production (leaves bone marrow and enters blood)

68
Q

what are the vascular changes in inflammation

A

vasodilation

increased capillary perm

increased fluid, protein, and immune cells in tissue

69
Q

inflamed endothelial cells display…

A

CAMs cell adhesion molecules

70
Q

what is pus

A

pocket of dead phagocytes, tissue, and foreign debris (abscess)

71
Q

what is inflammation

A

damages cells, mast cells and infectious organisms release numerous chemicals

72
Q

what is normal body temp

A

37 C and 98.6 F

73
Q

what are pyrogens

A

chemicals affect hypothalamus, reset body temp higher (fever inducing)

74
Q

why can a high fever be dangerous

A

denatures enzymes (proteins)

75
Q

benefits of fever

A

decreased bacteria and virus infection

increase metabolism (quicker defense)

76
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

acquired

has memory; more effective to 2nd exposure

self tolerant; does not attack self-antigens

widespread; can spread systematically

77
Q

what are antigens

A

non-self substances that activate adaptive immune response

78
Q

what is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

group of cell surface markers that ID cell as self

class 1 and class 2 MHCs

79
Q

where are class 1 MHCs

A

on all nucleated cells

80
Q

where are class 2 MHCs

A

only on certain immune responding cells

macrophages, dendritic, B lymphs

81
Q

** function and operation of T cells

A

cell mediated

kills and helps kill abnormals like cancer and viruses

must have antigen presented to them by MHCs

82
Q

** function and operation of B cells

A

humoral or antibody mediated

produces antibodies against antigens in blood and lymph (cannot cross membranes)

B cells can make direct contact with antigen without MHCs

83
Q

what cells does CD4+ interact with specifically

A

MHC class 2

84
Q

what cells does CD8+ interact with specifically

A

MHC class 1

85
Q

what do T cells eventually become…

A

CD4+ helper T cells

CD8+ cytotoxic cells

86
Q

what are the antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their function

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphs

display MHC 2 in addition to MHC 1

87
Q

what two things make lymph move in lymph vessels

A

one way valves

pressure gradient

88
Q

what branches of immunity are helper CD4+ T cells involved in

A

all branches; innate and adaptive

89
Q

function of CD4+ T cells

A

inactive = recognize APC class 2 MHC with specific foreign antigen, binds, does not kill

active = produces 2 types of CD4+ cells
• Memory TH cells = inactive
• Active TH cells = activates CD8+

90
Q

function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells

A

CD8+ T cells bind to class 1 MHC cells (infected cells)

produces:
• cytotoxic T cells = roam, seek, and directly attack and destroy cells with target Ag
• memory T cells = see Ag second time and respond more quick

91
Q

what’s the difference between NK cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells

A

NK cells are not specific

cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are specific

92
Q

what two things does B cell activation produce

A

plasma cells = short-lived speicifc antibody secreting B cells

memory B cells = long-lived reserve, quickly respond to 2nd exposure

93
Q

what is an antibody

A

immunoglobulin that bind to specific Ag

94
Q

how specific are antibodies

A

ANTIBODIES ARE SUPER FUCKING SPECIFIC

95
Q

what is antibody titer

A

circulating blood concentration

96
Q

what are the five antibodies

A

IgG = most abundant in plasma, versatile

IgM = huge, 1st antibody released into blood by plasma cells, transfusion rejection and blood agglutination

IgA = secretory; in mucus, saliva ( in areas exposed to environment, protects)

IgD = antigen specific B cell receptor on B cell surface

IgE = troublemakers, sensitizes mast cells and basophils causing a release of chemicals involved in inflammation

97
Q

what are the only two antibodies not in breastmilk?

A

IgD and IgE

98
Q

what is the primary response in immunological memory and how long does it last

A

first exposure of B cells to Ag

B cells become active

takes ~ 1 - 2 weeks

99
Q

what is the secondary response in immunological memory and how long does it last

A

next exposure to Ag

Memory B cells quickly become plasma cells

produce massive amounts of Abs

100
Q

what is hypersensitivity

A

potentially harmful overreaction to antigens

101
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

allergies; reaction to environmental antigens

102
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

allergens cause major systemic mast cell response

might cause anaphylactic shock, possibly fatal

103
Q

what is HIV

A

infects and destroys CD4+ helper T cells and cannot initiate immune response

104
Q

what is AIDS

A

when helper T cells fall below healthy level and cannot initiate immune response

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions