Chapter 14 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards
the cerebrum processes…
somatic sensory
motor info
three regions of cerebrum
white matter
islands of gray matter: basal nuclei
superficial gray matter: 6 layered cerebral cortex (conscious mind)
association fibers
connect areas in same hemisphere
arcuate fibers
one gyrus to the next
fasciculi
lobe to lobe fibers
commissural fibers
connection between two hemispheres
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
projection fibers
all ascending/descending fibers to/from cerebral cortex to/from lower CNS
internal capsule
link spinal cord-thalamus-cerebral cortex
function: basal nuclei
regulate motor output from cerebral cortex
starting / stopping
coordination of learned movement
three function areas of cerebral cortex
motor areas
sensory areas
association areas
hemispheric lateralization
hemispheres look the same but have different functions
contralateral
hemispheres receive sensory info from one side of body and project to the other
function: sensory areas
receive sensory info
perception
function: motor areas
initiate and control voluntary movements
function: association areas
interpret incoming sensory info
coordinate motor response
memory, emotions, reasoning
three motor areas of cerebral cortex
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca’s area
location: primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
function: primary motor cortex
precisely control voluntary skeletal muscle movement
function: pyramidal cells
initiate motor command
location: pyramidal cells
pyramids in medulla oblongata
function: premotor cortex
stimulates primary motor cortex via association fibers
memory bank for repetitive, patterned, practiced skilled motor activities
function: primary somatosensory cortex
conscious awareness of sensation
location: primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
location: somatosensory association area
connected to primary somatosensory cortex
function: somatosensory association area
produces understanding of sensation felt
location: primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
function: primary visual cortex
receives visual info from eye retina
association area: uses past visual experiences to make sense and recognize what is seen
location: primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
function: primary auditory cortex
receives audial info
association area: compare to stored sound memories
function: left hemisphere
language
reasoning
math
right body muscles
function: right hemisphere
analyzes sensory info
art / visual
facial recognition
emotional context of conversation
left body muscles
location: Wernicke’s area
left hemisphere
function: Wernicke’s area
interprets what is read or heard
recognition of spoken and written language
location: Broca’s area
left hemisphere w/ axons from Wernicke’s
function: Broca’s area
generates motor speech program
sends command to premotor, motor cortex
aphasia
language problem due to brain lesions
Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia
speech with no sense
Broca’s (non-fluent) aphasia
slow speech with sense
suttering
function: amygdala
links emotions to memory
function: hippocampus
memory storage
long term memory and retrieval
location: prefrontal cortex
parietal lobe
function: prefrontal cortex
the personality center
emotions and judgement
prefrontal lobotomy
cut connections between prefrontal cortex and other brain areas
location: reticular formation
medulla, pons, midbrain
function: reticular formation
alertness / sleep
filter for sensory input
regulates muscle tone and coarse movement
function: electroencephalogram EEG
records electrical activity (brain waves) in cortical areas
four types of brain waves and usage
alpha: idling
beta: concentrating
theta: children
delta: deep sleep, RAS inactive, anesthesia
clinical use for EEG
diagnosis of brain disorders:
epilepsy, sleep disorders
determine brain dead
presence of theta and delta waves in adults
indicate tumor/stroke
deep sleep is also called…
non-REM / NREM sleep
there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in deep sleep
decrease of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in deep sleep
there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in REM sleep
increase of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in REM sleep
benefits to neurons during sleep
increase in protein synthesis
time for memory consolidation
short-term memories are _____ and limited to ______
short-term memories are short-lived and limited to chunks
what is memory consolidation
memory consolidation is converting short-term to long-term memory
what promotes memory retention
repetition
two brain parts essential to make long-term memory
hippocampus: STM to LTM, does not store
amygdala: links memories to emotions
what stores long-term memory
cerebral cortex
anterograde amnesia
everything is new but all former memories exist
retrograde amnesia
loss of former memories but keep new memories
three possible factors affecting memory
increased neurotransmitter release
facilitation at synapses
formation of more synaptic connections
how does increased neurotransmitter release affect memory
synapses active more often
increase in amount of NT stores
increase NT release with stimulation
increase effect of post-synaptic neuron
how does facilitation at synapses affect memory
neural circuits more active
increase sensitivity to stimulation
increase firing of action potentials
how does formation of more synaptic connections affect memory
neurons repeatedly communicating
increase branching of axon
increase synapses on post-synaptic neuron
increase effect on post-synaptic neuron transmembrance potential
