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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 14 [ EXAM #2 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 14 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

the cerebrum processes…

A

somatic sensory

motor info

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2
Q

three regions of cerebrum

A

white matter

islands of gray matter: basal nuclei

superficial gray matter: 6 layered cerebral cortex (conscious mind)

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3
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas in same hemisphere

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4
Q

arcuate fibers

A

one gyrus to the next

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5
Q

fasciculi

A

lobe to lobe fibers

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6
Q

commissural fibers

A

connection between two hemispheres

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7
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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8
Q

projection fibers

A

all ascending/descending fibers to/from cerebral cortex to/from lower CNS

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9
Q

internal capsule

A

link spinal cord-thalamus-cerebral cortex

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10
Q

function: basal nuclei

A

regulate motor output from cerebral cortex

starting / stopping

coordination of learned movement

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11
Q

three function areas of cerebral cortex

A

motor areas

sensory areas

association areas

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12
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

hemispheres look the same but have different functions

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13
Q

contralateral

A

hemispheres receive sensory info from one side of body and project to the other

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14
Q

function: sensory areas

A

receive sensory info

perception

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15
Q

function: motor areas

A

initiate and control voluntary movements

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16
Q

function: association areas

A

interpret incoming sensory info

coordinate motor response

memory, emotions, reasoning

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17
Q

three motor areas of cerebral cortex

A

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

Broca’s area

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18
Q

location: primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

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19
Q

function: primary motor cortex

A

precisely control voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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20
Q

function: pyramidal cells

A

initiate motor command

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21
Q

location: pyramidal cells

A

pyramids in medulla oblongata

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22
Q

function: premotor cortex

A

stimulates primary motor cortex via association fibers

memory bank for repetitive, patterned, practiced skilled motor activities

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23
Q

function: primary somatosensory cortex

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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24
Q

location: primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

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25
location: somatosensory association area
connected to primary somatosensory cortex
26
function: somatosensory association area
produces understanding of sensation felt
27
location: primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
28
function: primary visual cortex
receives visual info from eye retina association area: uses past visual experiences to make sense and recognize what is seen
29
location: primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
30
function: primary auditory cortex
receives audial info association area: compare to stored sound memories
31
function: left hemisphere
language reasoning math right body muscles
32
function: right hemisphere
analyzes sensory info art / visual facial recognition emotional context of conversation left body muscles
33
location: Wernicke's area
left hemisphere
34
function: Wernicke's area
interprets what is read or heard recognition of spoken and written language
35
location: Broca's area
left hemisphere w/ axons from Wernicke's
36
function: Broca's area
generates motor speech program sends command to premotor, motor cortex
37
aphasia
language problem due to brain lesions
38
Wernicke's (fluent) aphasia
speech with no sense
39
Broca's (non-fluent) aphasia
slow speech with sense | suttering
40
function: amygdala
links emotions to memory
41
function: hippocampus
memory storage long term memory and retrieval
42
location: prefrontal cortex
parietal lobe
43
function: prefrontal cortex
the personality center emotions and judgement
44
prefrontal lobotomy
cut connections between prefrontal cortex and other brain areas
45
location: reticular formation
medulla, pons, midbrain
46
function: reticular formation
alertness / sleep filter for sensory input regulates muscle tone and coarse movement
47
function: electroencephalogram EEG
records electrical activity (brain waves) in cortical areas
48
four types of brain waves and usage
alpha: idling beta: concentrating theta: children delta: deep sleep, RAS inactive, anesthesia
49
clinical use for EEG
diagnosis of brain disorders: epilepsy, sleep disorders determine brain dead
50
presence of theta and delta waves in adults
indicate tumor/stroke
51
deep sleep is also called...
non-REM / NREM sleep
52
there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in deep sleep
decrease of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in deep sleep
53
there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in REM sleep
increase of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in REM sleep
54
benefits to neurons during sleep
increase in protein synthesis time for memory consolidation
55
short-term memories are _____ and limited to ______
short-term memories are short-lived and limited to chunks
56
what is memory consolidation
memory consolidation is converting short-term to long-term memory
57
what promotes memory retention
repetition
58
two brain parts essential to make long-term memory
hippocampus: STM to LTM, does not store amygdala: links memories to emotions
59
what stores long-term memory
cerebral cortex
60
anterograde amnesia
everything is new but all former memories exist
61
retrograde amnesia
loss of former memories but keep new memories
62
three possible factors affecting memory
increased neurotransmitter release facilitation at synapses formation of more synaptic connections
63
how does increased neurotransmitter release affect memory
synapses active more often increase in amount of NT stores increase NT release with stimulation increase effect of post-synaptic neuron
64
how does facilitation at synapses affect memory
neural circuits more active increase sensitivity to stimulation increase firing of action potentials
65
how does formation of more synaptic connections affect memory
neurons repeatedly communicating increase branching of axon increase synapses on post-synaptic neuron increase effect on post-synaptic neuron transmembrance potential

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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