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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 14 [ EXAM #2 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 14 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the cerebrum processes…

A

somatic sensory

motor info

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2
Q

three regions of cerebrum

A

white matter

islands of gray matter: basal nuclei

superficial gray matter: 6 layered cerebral cortex (conscious mind)

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3
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas in same hemisphere

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4
Q

arcuate fibers

A

one gyrus to the next

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5
Q

fasciculi

A

lobe to lobe fibers

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6
Q

commissural fibers

A

connection between two hemispheres

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7
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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8
Q

projection fibers

A

all ascending/descending fibers to/from cerebral cortex to/from lower CNS

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9
Q

internal capsule

A

link spinal cord-thalamus-cerebral cortex

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10
Q

function: basal nuclei

A

regulate motor output from cerebral cortex

starting / stopping

coordination of learned movement

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11
Q

three function areas of cerebral cortex

A

motor areas

sensory areas

association areas

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12
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

hemispheres look the same but have different functions

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13
Q

contralateral

A

hemispheres receive sensory info from one side of body and project to the other

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14
Q

function: sensory areas

A

receive sensory info

perception

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15
Q

function: motor areas

A

initiate and control voluntary movements

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16
Q

function: association areas

A

interpret incoming sensory info

coordinate motor response

memory, emotions, reasoning

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17
Q

three motor areas of cerebral cortex

A

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

Broca’s area

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18
Q

location: primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

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19
Q

function: primary motor cortex

A

precisely control voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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20
Q

function: pyramidal cells

A

initiate motor command

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21
Q

location: pyramidal cells

A

pyramids in medulla oblongata

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22
Q

function: premotor cortex

A

stimulates primary motor cortex via association fibers

memory bank for repetitive, patterned, practiced skilled motor activities

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23
Q

function: primary somatosensory cortex

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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24
Q

location: primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

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25
Q

location: somatosensory association area

A

connected to primary somatosensory cortex

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26
Q

function: somatosensory association area

A

produces understanding of sensation felt

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27
Q

location: primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

28
Q

function: primary visual cortex

A

receives visual info from eye retina

association area: uses past visual experiences to make sense and recognize what is seen

29
Q

location: primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

30
Q

function: primary auditory cortex

A

receives audial info

association area: compare to stored sound memories

31
Q

function: left hemisphere

A

language

reasoning

math

right body muscles

32
Q

function: right hemisphere

A

analyzes sensory info

art / visual

facial recognition

emotional context of conversation

left body muscles

33
Q

location: Wernicke’s area

A

left hemisphere

34
Q

function: Wernicke’s area

A

interprets what is read or heard

recognition of spoken and written language

35
Q

location: Broca’s area

A

left hemisphere w/ axons from Wernicke’s

36
Q

function: Broca’s area

A

generates motor speech program

sends command to premotor, motor cortex

37
Q

aphasia

A

language problem due to brain lesions

38
Q

Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia

A

speech with no sense

39
Q

Broca’s (non-fluent) aphasia

A

slow speech with sense

suttering

40
Q

function: amygdala

A

links emotions to memory

41
Q

function: hippocampus

A

memory storage

long term memory and retrieval

42
Q

location: prefrontal cortex

A

parietal lobe

43
Q

function: prefrontal cortex

A

the personality center

emotions and judgement

44
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

cut connections between prefrontal cortex and other brain areas

45
Q

location: reticular formation

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

46
Q

function: reticular formation

A

alertness / sleep

filter for sensory input

regulates muscle tone and coarse movement

47
Q

function: electroencephalogram EEG

A

records electrical activity (brain waves) in cortical areas

48
Q

four types of brain waves and usage

A

alpha: idling
beta: concentrating
theta: children
delta: deep sleep, RAS inactive, anesthesia

49
Q

clinical use for EEG

A

diagnosis of brain disorders:

epilepsy, sleep disorders

determine brain dead

50
Q

presence of theta and delta waves in adults

A

indicate tumor/stroke

51
Q

deep sleep is also called…

A

non-REM / NREM sleep

52
Q

there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in deep sleep

A

decrease of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in deep sleep

53
Q

there is a(n) increase/decrease of: [BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism] in REM sleep

A

increase of BP, HR, resp rate, metabolism in REM sleep

54
Q

benefits to neurons during sleep

A

increase in protein synthesis

time for memory consolidation

55
Q

short-term memories are _____ and limited to ______

A

short-term memories are short-lived and limited to chunks

56
Q

what is memory consolidation

A

memory consolidation is converting short-term to long-term memory

57
Q

what promotes memory retention

A

repetition

58
Q

two brain parts essential to make long-term memory

A

hippocampus: STM to LTM, does not store
amygdala: links memories to emotions

59
Q

what stores long-term memory

A

cerebral cortex

60
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

everything is new but all former memories exist

61
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of former memories but keep new memories

62
Q

three possible factors affecting memory

A

increased neurotransmitter release

facilitation at synapses

formation of more synaptic connections

63
Q

how does increased neurotransmitter release affect memory

A

synapses active more often

increase in amount of NT stores

increase NT release with stimulation

increase effect of post-synaptic neuron

64
Q

how does facilitation at synapses affect memory

A

neural circuits more active

increase sensitivity to stimulation

increase firing of action potentials

65
Q

how does formation of more synaptic connections affect memory

A

neurons repeatedly communicating

increase branching of axon

increase synapses on post-synaptic neuron

increase effect on post-synaptic neuron transmembrance potential

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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