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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 14 [ EXAM #1 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 14 [ EXAM #1 ] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is embryology

A

brain begins as neural tube from ectoderm

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2
Q

what is neural tube

A

walls become future brain tissue

becomes 4 enlarged ventricles

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3
Q

what are 2 neural tube defects

A

anencephaly (without brain)

spina bifida (bones of the spine don’t form properly around part of the baby’s spinal cord)

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4
Q

what 2 things reduce neural tube defects

A

B12 and folic acid

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5
Q

what is cerebrum

A

paired hemispheres with cerebral cortex

complex higher functions

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6
Q

what is diencephalon

A

right and left thalamus link brainstem with cerebrum

gateway to cortex

sensory filter and relay

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7
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

id

autonomic control of visceral and endocrine functions

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8
Q

where is hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

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9
Q

where is pineal gland

A

diencephalon

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10
Q

function of pineal gland

A

sleep-wake cycle

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11
Q

what are 3 components of brainstem

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

function of midbrain

A

process visual and auditory reflexes

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13
Q

function of pons

A

bridge sensory and motor to/from brain, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex

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14
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

relays all info between brain and spinal cord (and cerebellum)

contains autonomic centers (respiration, heart, digestion)

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15
Q

4 ventricles of brain

A

lateral ventricles (2)

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

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16
Q

what are protective mechanisms of brain?

A

cranium bones

cranial meninges

CSF

BBB

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17
Q

function of BBB

A

isolates brain from systemic blood circulation

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18
Q

how many dura mater layers are in the skull vs the spine

A

2 in skull

1 in spine

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura mater

A

outer periosteal

inner meningeal

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20
Q

the dura mater forms…

A

dural folds that add stability and support

sinuses

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21
Q

arachnoid mater composes of…

A

trabeculae across subarachnoid space

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22
Q

function of arachnoid granulations

A

one-way valve determines CSF volume

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23
Q

function of pia mater

A

astrocytes anchor to brain surface

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24
Q

volume of CSF in brain

A

~ 150 ml

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25
Q

function of CSF

A

cushions, supports, surrounds, and reduces brain weight

transports O2, glucose, chemical messengers. and wastes to/from neurons/neuroglia

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26
Q

CSF is formed by…

A

choroid plexus

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27
Q

choroid plexus is formed by…

A

special capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

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28
Q

function of choroid plexus

A

release regulated CSF (made from plasma) into ventricles (~ 500 ml / day)

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29
Q

what forms blood-CSF barrier

A

tight junctions between ependymal cells

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30
Q

CSF moves into _______ through _______ in _______

A

CSF moves into subarachnoid space through apertures in 4th ventricles

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31
Q

location of dural sinuses

A

within dural folds, venous blood vessels, drain into int. jugular veins

32
Q

does the superior sagittal sinus contain arachnoid granulations

A

yes, the superior sagittal sinus contain arachnoid granulations

33
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

interrupted CSF circulation

34
Q

what might be some causes of hydrocephalus

A

arachnoid granulations not functioning/present

choroid plexus defects

problem with apertures in 4th ventricle

CSF circulation obstructed

35
Q

CSF is made from _____ and recycled back into the _____

A

plasma, plasma

36
Q

what cells are in the BBB vs the B-CSF

A

BBB: astrocytes

B-CSF: ependymal

37
Q

what 3 things form BBB

A

capillary endothelial cells with tight junctions

thick basement membrane

astrocytes

38
Q

what can diffuse across BBB

A

lipid soluble (O2, CO2, alcohol, steroids)

39
Q

what is transported across BBB

A

glucose and AAs

40
Q

function of thick basement membrane in BBB

A

holds cells to each other

astrocytes to endothelial

41
Q

function of astrocytes in BBB

A

control BBB permeability by releasing chemicals

chemicals affect endothelium permeability

42
Q

why does BBB have exceptions in brain

A

BBB prevents hormones to enter blood

43
Q

what are exceptions to BBB

A

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

pineal gland

choroid plexus

44
Q

why does BBB present a challenge for drug delivery?

A

BBB is selectively permeable

allows lipid soluble materials

45
Q

what composes brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

pons

mid brain

46
Q

function of brain stem

A

produce autonomic behaviors

pathway for tracts

associates with 10/12 brain nerves

47
Q

ascending tracts relay _____ info

A

sensory

48
Q

descending tracts relay _____ info

A

motor

49
Q

what are corticospinal tracts

A

largest motor tracts from cerebral motor cortex to spinal cord

50
Q

what is the term for crossing over of tracts

A

decussation

51
Q

where does decussation occur

A

medulla oblongata (anterior of pyramids)

52
Q

what are the pyramids

A

bundles of motor axons in the medulla oblongata

53
Q

what is peristalsis

A

movement of food (digestive)

54
Q

what does the pons connect

A

pons connects brain to spinal cord

pons connects cerebellum to brain

55
Q

what composes the pons

A

part of ascending and descending tracts

sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

56
Q

what is corpora quadrigemina

A

2 pairs of sensory nuclei for visual and audial

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

57
Q

function of superior colliculi

A

visual sensory

58
Q

function of inferior colliculi

A

audial sensory

startle reflex: loud sound reaction

59
Q

function of substantia nigra

A

neurons release dopamine

dopamine controls subconscious muscular movement

damage may cause Parkinson’s

60
Q

location of substantia nigra

A

midbrain

61
Q

function of cerebellum

A

finely controls motor movement and stores motor movement memory unconsciously

62
Q

location of arbor vitae

A

cerebellum (internal tracts)

63
Q

function of cerebellar peduncles

A

tracts link cerebellum to brain

info in and out cerebellum

64
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia

A

impaired muscular coordination due to alcohol, stroke, trauma

65
Q

location of diencephalon

A

surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

encloses 3rd ventricle

66
Q

function of diencephalon

A

sensory relay before cerebral cortex

control of autonomic functions

emotions

links nervous system to endocrine system

67
Q

diencephalon composes of

A

epithalamus (roof)

thalamus (walls)

hypothalamus (floor)

68
Q

what separates the left and right thalamus

A

3rd ventricle

69
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay for all sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex

(“gateway to cerebellar cortex”)

sensory filter (sorts and filters) of what gets to cerebrum

99% of sensory not sent to consciousness

70
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

autonomic control center (esp. visceral)

headquarters of ANS

body temperature regulation

controls id

71
Q

what releases oxytocin

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

what is referred to as the feeding and thirst center

A

hypothalamus

73
Q

what produces ADH and what is ADH

A

hypothalamus

ADH are osmoreceptors that detect osmolarity

74
Q

what does pineal gland produce

A

melatonin

75
Q

function of melatonin

A

helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

76
Q

what are three dural folds of brain

A

falx cerebri

falx cerebelli

tentorium cerebelli

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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