Chapter 14 [ EXAM #1 ] Flashcards by Casey Myles Jones

what is embryology

brain begins as neural tube from ectoderm

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what is neural tube

walls become future brain tissue

becomes 4 enlarged ventricles

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what are 2 neural tube defects

anencephaly (without brain)

spina bifida (bones of the spine don’t form properly around part of the baby’s spinal cord)

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what 2 things reduce neural tube defects

B12 and folic acid

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what is cerebrum

paired hemispheres with cerebral cortex

complex higher functions

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what is diencephalon

right and left thalamus link brainstem with cerebrum

gateway to cortex

sensory filter and relay

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function of hypothalamus

autonomic control of visceral and endocrine functions

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where is hypothalamus

diencephalon

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where is pineal gland

diencephalon

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function of pineal gland

sleep-wake cycle

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what are 3 components of brainstem

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

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function of midbrain

process visual and auditory reflexes

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function of pons

bridge sensory and motor to/from brain, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex

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function of medulla oblongata

relays all info between brain and spinal cord (and cerebellum)

contains autonomic centers (respiration, heart, digestion)

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4 ventricles of brain

lateral ventricles (2)

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

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what are protective mechanisms of brain?

cranium bones

cranial meninges

CSF

BBB

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function of BBB

isolates brain from systemic blood circulation

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how many dura mater layers are in the skull vs the spine

2 in skull

1 in spine

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what are the 2 layers of dura mater

outer periosteal

inner meningeal

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the dura mater forms…

dural folds that add stability and support

sinuses

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arachnoid mater composes of…

trabeculae across subarachnoid space

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function of arachnoid granulations

one-way valve determines CSF volume

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function of pia mater

astrocytes anchor to brain surface

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volume of CSF in brain

~ 150 ml

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function of CSF

cushions, supports, surrounds, and reduces brain weight transports O2, glucose, chemical messengers. and wastes to/from neurons/neuroglia

CSF is formed by...

choroid plexus

choroid plexus is formed by...

special capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

function of choroid plexus

release regulated CSF (made from plasma) into ventricles (~ 500 ml / day)

what forms blood-CSF barrier

tight junctions between ependymal cells

CSF moves into _______ through _______ in _______

CSF moves into subarachnoid space through apertures in 4th ventricles

location of dural sinuses

within dural folds, venous blood vessels, drain into int. jugular veins

does the superior sagittal sinus contain arachnoid granulations

yes, the superior sagittal sinus contain arachnoid granulations

what is hydrocephalus

interrupted CSF circulation

what might be some causes of hydrocephalus

arachnoid granulations not functioning/present choroid plexus defects problem with apertures in 4th ventricle CSF circulation obstructed

CSF is made from _____ and recycled back into the _____

plasma, plasma

what cells are in the BBB vs the B-CSF

BBB: astrocytes B-CSF: ependymal

what 3 things form BBB

capillary endothelial cells with tight junctions thick basement membrane astrocytes

what can diffuse across BBB

lipid soluble (O2, CO2, alcohol, steroids)

what is transported across BBB

glucose and AAs

function of thick basement membrane in BBB

holds cells to each other | astrocytes to endothelial

function of astrocytes in BBB

control BBB permeability by releasing chemicals chemicals affect endothelium permeability

why does BBB have exceptions in brain

BBB prevents hormones to enter blood

what are exceptions to BBB

hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland choroid plexus

why does BBB present a challenge for drug delivery?

BBB is selectively permeable | allows lipid soluble materials

what composes brain stem

medulla oblongata pons mid brain

function of brain stem

produce autonomic behaviors pathway for tracts associates with 10/12 brain nerves

ascending tracts relay _____ info

sensory

descending tracts relay _____ info

motor

what are corticospinal tracts

largest motor tracts from cerebral motor cortex to spinal cord

what is the term for crossing over of tracts

decussation

where does decussation occur

medulla oblongata (anterior of pyramids)

what are the pyramids

bundles of motor axons in the medulla oblongata

what is peristalsis

movement of food (digestive)

what does the pons connect

pons connects brain to spinal cord pons connects cerebellum to brain

what composes the pons

part of ascending and descending tracts sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

what is corpora quadrigemina

2 pairs of sensory nuclei for visual and audial superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

function of superior colliculi

visual sensory

function of inferior colliculi

audial sensory startle reflex: loud sound reaction

function of substantia nigra

neurons release dopamine dopamine controls subconscious muscular movement damage may cause Parkinson's

location of substantia nigra

midbrain

function of cerebellum

finely controls motor movement and stores motor movement memory unconsciously

location of arbor vitae

cerebellum (internal tracts)

function of cerebellar peduncles

tracts link cerebellum to brain info in and out cerebellum

what is cerebellar ataxia

impaired muscular coordination due to alcohol, stroke, trauma

location of diencephalon

surrounded by cerebral hemispheres encloses 3rd ventricle

function of diencephalon

sensory relay before cerebral cortex control of autonomic functions emotions links nervous system to endocrine system

diencephalon composes of

epithalamus (roof) thalamus (walls) hypothalamus (floor)

what separates the left and right thalamus

3rd ventricle

function of thalamus

relay for all sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex ("gateway to cerebellar cortex") sensory filter (sorts and filters) of what gets to cerebrum 99% of sensory not sent to consciousness

function of hypothalamus

autonomic control center (esp. visceral) headquarters of ANS body temperature regulation controls id

what releases oxytocin

hypothalamus

what is referred to as the feeding and thirst center

hypothalamus

what produces ADH and what is ADH

hypothalamus ADH are osmoreceptors that detect osmolarity

what does pineal gland produce

melatonin

function of melatonin

helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

what are three dural folds of brain

falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli

Chapter 14 [ EXAM #1 ] Flashcards

(76 cards)