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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 16 [ EXAM #2 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 16 [ EXAM #2 ] Flashcards

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1
Q

is the somatic nervous system fast or slow

A

fast

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2
Q

is the autonomic nervous system fast or slow

A

slow

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3
Q

is the somatic nervous system conscious or unconscious

A

conscious

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4
Q

is the autonomic nervous system conscious or unconscious

A

unconscious

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5
Q

function: somatic nervous system

A

control of skeletal muscles

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6
Q

function: autonomic nervous system

A

control of visceral effectors, coordinates organ systems, maintains homeostasis

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7
Q

what is the HQ of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

the hypothalamus is the HQ of what nervous system?

A

the hypothalamus is the HQ of the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

somatic efferent innervation and autonomic efferent innervation are different because of this structure…

A

no ganglia in somatic motor division

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10
Q

does somatic efferent innervation have a fast or slow impulse

A

the somatic motor division has a fast impulse

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11
Q

does autonomic efferent innervation have a fast or slow impulse

A

the visceral motor division has a slow impulse

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12
Q

does somatic efferent innervation have a large or small diameter

A

the somatic motor division has a large diameter

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13
Q

does autonomic efferent innervation have a large or small diameter

A

the autonomic motor division has a small diameter

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14
Q

are the axons in somatic efferent innervation myelinated or unmyelinated

A

myelinated in somatic motor division

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15
Q

are the axons in autonomic efferent innervation myelinated or unmyelinated

A

both myelinated and unmyelinated in visceral motor division

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16
Q

what NTs are released in the somatic motor division

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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17
Q

what NTs are released in the autonomic efferent innervation

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

and norepinephrine (NE) in post-ganglion only

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18
Q

describe: pre-ganglionic neuron

A

in ANS

synapses with postganglion

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19
Q

location: pre-ganglionic neuron

A

SC or brainstem

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20
Q

location: post-ganglionic neroun

A

in PNS

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21
Q

function: post-ganglionic neuron

A

fibers extend from ganglion to visceral effectors

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22
Q

the hypothalamus regulates pre-/post-ganglionic neurons

A

pre-ganglionic neurons

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23
Q

diff. between neurons extending from CNS to effector in SNS and ANS

A

SNS: one lower motor neuron with no ganglia

ANS: two motor neurons, one pre-ganglionic body in CNS and one ganglionic body in PNS

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24
Q

diff. between neuron axons in SNS and ANS

A

SNS: thick myelinated fast

ANS: pre- thin, w/ myelin, slow
post- thinner, unmyelinated, slow

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25
Q

response of effectors in SNS and ANS

A

SNS: excitation only

ANS: excitation and inhibition

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26
Q

two divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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27
Q

the sympathetic division is also referred to as…

A

thoracolumbar division T1 -> L2

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28
Q

the parasympathetic division is also referred to as…

A

craniosacral (cranial [3, 7, 9, 10] and sacral [S2 - S4])

29
Q

quote for sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

30
Q

quote for parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest

31
Q

site of origin of SNS and ANS pre-ganglion neurons

A

lateral gray horn

32
Q

location of pre-ganglionic axons in sympathetic division

A

ventral gray horn to the sympathetic chain ganglia

33
Q

the sympathetic chain ganglia is also called…

A

paravertebral ganglia

34
Q

function: sympathetic chain ganglia

A

long ganglionic neuron axons control effectors in body walls, thoracic cavity, head, limbs

35
Q

function: collateral ganglia

A

long ganglionic neuron axons innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity

36
Q

function: adrenal gland medulla

A

pre-ganglionic axon goes to adrenal medulla; synapse on neuroendocrine cells → neurotransmitters (Epi, NE) released into blood (function as hormones): effects throughout body

37
Q

splanchnic nerves are formed by

A

pre-ganglionic axons

38
Q

target organs of sympathetic chain ganglia (paired)

A

visceral effectors: body walls, thoracic cavity, head, limbs

39
Q

target organs of collateral ganglia (unpaired)

A

visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

40
Q

target organs of suprarenal medullae (paired)

A

organs and systems throughout body

41
Q

describe sympathetic activation

A

[ see a bear ]

↑ alertness, feelings of energy
↓ digestive and urinary system activity 
↑ heart rate and perfusion 
To sk. muscles, heart 
↑ resp rate and bronchodilation 
↑ sweat glands, ↓ salivary glands

Dilated pupils

Mobilization of energy reserves

Stimulates UMNs in cort. spinal tracts!

42
Q

location and division associated with terminal ganglion

A

close to effector

parasympathetic

43
Q

location and division associated with intramural ganglion

A

within organ wall

parasympathetic

44
Q

describe post-ganglionic axons in parasympathetic division

A

short

for brief and local effects

all effect one target organ

45
Q

describe pre-ganglionic axons in parasympathetic division

A

long

few branches

terminal and intramural

46
Q

three parasympathetic cranial nerves that control structures in head

A

facial

oculomotor

glossopharyngeal

47
Q

the nerve that supplies thoracic and abdominal organs and provides 75% of all parasympathetic overflow

A

vagus cn. X

48
Q

function: vagus cn. X

A

supplies thoracic and abdominal organs and provides 75% of all parasympathetic overflow

49
Q

parasympathetic sacral pre-ganglionic neurons innervate….

A

kidneys

urinary bladder

large intestine

rectum

reproductive organs

50
Q

describe parasympathetic activation

A

Relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption

Constriction of pupils

↑ digestive gland secretion

↑ secretion of hormones: promote nutrient absorption

Anabolism: glycogenesis, lipogenesis

↑ specific blood flow & glandular activity: digestion, sexual arousal

↑ in digestive tract sm.muscle activity

Defecation

Contraction of urinary bladder, urination

Respiratory passageway constriction

↓ heart rate and force of contraction to low normal

51
Q

general contrast of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Parasympathetic: brief, more localized impact

Relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption
Innervates specific visceral structures

Little branching of preganglionic axons

Sympathetic: Widespread, longer lasting impact

Increase alertness, energy, prepares for emergency

Preganglionic branching: reaches organs and tissues throughout body, distribution through circulation

52
Q

function: cholinergic receptors

A

binds ACh

nicotinic

muscarinic

53
Q

function: adrengic receptors

A

binds Epi and NE from adrenal gland

54
Q

which cholinergic neurons release ACh

A

all pre-ganglionic neurons in ANS

all parasympathetic ganglionic neurons

some sympathetic ganglionic neurons: sweat, blood vessels, sk. muscles

55
Q

function of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

always excitatory (ion channels open)

56
Q

function of muscarinic ACh receptors

A

excitatory

inhibitory of cardiac muscle

57
Q

epinephrine is also referred to as…

A

adrenaline

58
Q

function of beta-2 agonist

A

mimics NT

59
Q

function of beta-1 antagonist

A

opposes normal NT effect

60
Q

what is dual innervation

A

instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, one can be more dominant

61
Q

one example of dual innervation is in…

A

autonomic plexuses

62
Q

one example of parasympathetic only (independent innervation)

A

lacrimal glands

63
Q

three examples of sympathetic only (independent innervation)

A

sweat glands

adrenal medulla

blood vessels

64
Q

what is autonomic tone

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic both maintain some continual activity regulated by hypothalamus

effects activity of organ esp. in dual innervation where parasympathetic might increase and sympathetic might decrease

65
Q

what are autonomic (visceral) reflexes

A

unconscious, automatic responses to control visceral functions

66
Q

two examples of autonomic reflexes

A

cardiovascular reflex

micturition reflex (i.e. pee-pee)

67
Q

describe sympathetic pre-ganglion axons

A

short

lots of branching

68
Q

describe sympathetic post-ganglion axons

A

long

extend to target visceral organs

69
Q

location of autonomic ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic = near spinal cord

parasympathetic = near effectors

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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