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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 21 [ EXAM #3] > Flashcards

Chapter 21 [ EXAM #3] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what blood vessel carries blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries (2)

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2
Q

what blood vessel carries blood from the placenta to fetus

A

umbilical vein (1)

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3
Q

what blood vessel contains an increased amount of O2 and nutrients in placental blood supply

A

unbilical vein

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4
Q

identify two structures present in the fetus but not the infant that allows blood to flow through pulmonary circuit

where are they located

A

foramen ovale = right → left atrium

ductus arteriorsus = pulmonary trunk → aorta

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5
Q

why is blood routed away from pulmonary circuit in fetus

A

fetal lungs are collapsed and filled with fluid

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6
Q

Once a baby takes their first breath, what happens to the foramen ovale and ductus arteriorsus

A

foramen ovale seals off by 1 week

ductus arteriosus seals off by 3 months

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7
Q

what does the fossa ovale and and ductus arteriorsus become in the adult heart

A

fossa ovale → fossa ovalis

ductus arteriorsus → ligamentum arteriorsum

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8
Q

what is the heart defect that results when the ductus arteriosus fails to close

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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9
Q

location and function of foramen ovale

A

blood flow from right to left atrium

bypasses pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

location and function of ductus arteriosus

A

from pulmonary trunk to aorta

bypasses pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

what is the heart defect that results when blood recirculates through pulmonary circuit

A

patent foramen ovale

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12
Q

meaning of patent

A

hole remains open

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13
Q

what are the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot

A

too narrow pulmonary trunk

right ventricle hypertrophy

ventricular septum defect

aorta opens from both ventricles

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14
Q

what is the result of ventricular septal defect

A

blood mix between the two ventricles

heart and lungs work harder

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15
Q

function of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart to organs

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16
Q

function of arterioles

A

small arterial branches, regulate blood flow

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17
Q

function of capillaries

A

tiny vessels off of arterioles in tissues

exchangers between blood and interstitial fluid

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18
Q

function of venules

A

small veins formed after capillaries reunite

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19
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood from tissues back to heart

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20
Q

what are the three layers of blood vessel wall

A

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica externa

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21
Q

what’s the thickest layer in blood vessel wall

A

tunica media in arteries

tunica externa in veins

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22
Q

describe tunica intima

A

most inner layer of blood vessel wall

smooth endothelium

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23
Q

describe tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessel wall

thick in arteries and thin in veins

sympathetic NS controls vaso-constriction/dilation

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24
Q

tunica externa

A

most external wall of blood vessel

collagen and elastic fibers protect reinforce and anchor

thickest in veins

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25
Q

purpose of elasticity in arteries

A

stretch to accommodate blood

recoil to propel blood

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26
Q

purpose of contractility in arteries

A

critical in vascular spasm when vessel is damaged

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27
Q

3 types of arteries from heart to tissue

A

elastic arteries

muscular arteries

arterioles

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28
Q

what are pressure reservoirs and their function

A

abundant elastic fibers in tunics

prevent large changes in pressure and maintain stable blood flow

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29
Q

muscular arteries are also called…

A

distributing arteries

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30
Q

distributing arteries are also called…

A

muscular arteries

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31
Q

function of muscular arteries

A

distribute blood to body organs/regions

MOST ABUNDANT

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32
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

thickening/toughening of arterial walls

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33
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

lipid/cholesterol plaques deposit on vessel wall narrowing lumen

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34
Q

what is angioplasty

A

flatten plaque with balloon catheter

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35
Q

what is aneurysm

A

arterial walls thins and balloons out, may rupture

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36
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

small muscle partially constricted regulated by brainstem vasomotor center

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37
Q

what is vasoconstriction/dilation site

A

blood pressure regulation

dimeter affected by sympathetic, endocrine chemical influences

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38
Q

what are the two subdivisions of cardiovascular center

A

cardiac center

vasomotor center

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39
Q

what are three types of capillaries

A

continuous

fenestrated

sinusoidal

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40
Q

what are three types of arteries

A

elastic

muscular

arteriole

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41
Q

where are elastic arteries

A

large arteries near heart

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42
Q

function of elastic arteries

A

conduct blood to muscular arteries

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43
Q

what is the most common capillary

A

continuous capillaries are most common

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44
Q

where can you find continuous capillaries

A

skin and muscles

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45
Q

continuous capillaries openings are called…

A

intercellular clefts

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46
Q

what is trapped in and what can get out of continuous capillaries

A

trapped in: large proteins, cells

get out: water and small solutes

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47
Q

where can you find fenestrated capillaries

A

small intestines and endocrine glands

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48
Q

fenestrated capillary openings are called…

A

fenestrations

49
Q

what are fenestrations

A

small pores in endothelial plasma membranes within capillaries

50
Q

describe exchange in fenestrated capillaries

A

rapid exchange possible, absorption and secretion

51
Q

describe exchange in sinusoidal capillaries

what can get in and out

A

very leaky with large fenestrations

blood cells

plasma proteins

52
Q

where can you find sinusoidal capillaries

A

liver spleen bone marrow

53
Q

what is microcirculation

A

flow of blood in capillaries between arterioles and venules

54
Q

what is metarteriole

A

feeds blood into capillary bed

55
Q

what is vascular shunt in capillary beds

A

direct connection between arteriole and venule

metarteriole and thoroughfare channel

56
Q

what are true capillaries

A

exchange vessels

57
Q

what are precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle regulates blood flow into true capillaries

contract to close, relax to open

58
Q

what is perfusion

A

specific amount of blood entering capillaries/time

59
Q

what does a local decrease in oxygen result in

A

relaxation of smooth muscle and increased bloodflow (exercise)

60
Q

what NS regulates capillary beds

A

sympathetic NS ONLY

61
Q

[veins] what are blood reservoirs

A

veins and venules hold 60+% of total blood

62
Q

[veins] what are capacitance vessels

A

stretch easily to hold blood

63
Q

[veins] venoconstriction is a response to…

A

hemorrhaging

64
Q

[veins] venous reserve

A

redirection of venous reserve to vital organs

65
Q

[veins] are veins a high or low pressure blood vessel

A

veins are a low pressure blood vessel

66
Q

[veins] function of valves in veins

A

valves in veins prevent backflow of blood

67
Q

what is arterial anastomoses

A

interconnected arteries, blocked arteries don’t interrupt blood flow

68
Q

what is venous anastomoses

A

interconnected veins, blocked veins don’t interrupt blood flow

69
Q

what is blood flow

A

volume of blood that flows through vessel/organ in period of time (ml/min)

70
Q

what is autoregulation

A

local decrease in O2 = relaxation of smooth muscle → increase blood flow

71
Q

what is blood pressure

A

force of blood on blood vessel wall

72
Q

does an increased pressure gradient increase or decrease blood flow

A

increased pressure gradient increased blood flow

73
Q

what is resistance

A

opposition to blood flow

74
Q

what’s the formula for blood flow, pressure, and resistance

A

F = change in P / R

75
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

resistance in peripheral blood vessels

76
Q

what influences peripheral resistance

A

blood viscosity increases peripheral resistance

blood vessel length increases peripheral resistance

77
Q

what has the biggest significance to blood flow

A

vessel diameter

78
Q

what has the biggest significance to resistance

A

vessel diameter

79
Q

as resistance increases, the demand for blood pressure increases/decreases

A

as resistance increases, the demand for blood pressure increases

80
Q

what is arterial blood pressure

A

ratio of systolic : diastolic pressure

81
Q

what is average arterial blood pressure

A

120 / 80

systolic / diastolic

82
Q

what is hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure

83
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

additional pressure placed on arteries when heart is going from resting to contracting

84
Q

what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average blood pressure in arteries (93mHg)

85
Q

what is transcytosis

A

one side to other side of cell

pinocytosis → exocytosis

86
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pushing against vessel wall

87
Q

what does CHP stand for

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

88
Q

what does CHP promote

A

CHP promotes filtration: forcing fluid out of blood into interstitial tissue

89
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure

A

opposes filtration and favors reabsorption (water pulled into blood)

90
Q

what is blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

BCOP draws water back into blood via osmosis

91
Q

hydrostatic pressure ______ and osmotic pressure ______

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes and osmotic pressure sucks

92
Q

what is a colloid

A

large solute that’s trapped

93
Q

what is the formula for net filtration pressure

A

CHP - BCOP = net filtration pressure

94
Q

If HP > OP → ______ ( _ )

If OP > HP → ______ ( _ )

A

If HP > OP → filtration ( + )

If OP > HP → reabsorption ( - )

95
Q

what is hemorrhage

A

excessive blood loss

96
Q

what is the respiratory pump in venous blood pressure

A

inhale squeezes veins

exhale sends blood to heart

97
Q

what is neural regulation

A

regulation of blood pressure by sympathetic and parasympathetic

98
Q

what is endocrine regulation

A

regulation of blood pressure by hormones

99
Q

when are neural and end endocrine regulation activated

A

when autoregulation is not sufficient

100
Q

what are some vasodilators

A

low O2 or high CO2

low pH

NO

high temperature

101
Q

pre-capillary sphincters contract in response to

A

vasoconstrictors, reducing bloodflow

102
Q

where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers

A

medulla oblongata

103
Q

the cardiac centers affect…

A

HEART:

sympathetic cardioaccelatory center

parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center

104
Q

the vasomotor center affects

A

[SYMPATHETIC ONLY] BLOOD VESSELS:

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

105
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

arterioles partially constricted

106
Q

cardiovascular center is modified by what

A

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

107
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

monitor blood pressure by stretch in BV or heart wall

108
Q

how can a physician use their knowledge to decrease the heart rate of a patient with tachycardia

A

doctor can do internal carotid massage

baroreceptors become stimulated, know are stretched, help drop heart rate

109
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical changes in blood

110
Q

what is hypoxia

A

low oxygen levels

111
Q

what is acidosis

A

low pH levels

112
Q

what is hypercaphia

A

high carbon dioxide

113
Q

what is renin-angiotensin system activated in response to

A

decrease in blood pressure / volume

114
Q

function of aldosterone

A

water reabsorbed

decreased urination

115
Q

function of ADH

A

increased thirst

116
Q

what is hypovolemic shock

A

blood volume too low to meet tissues need

117
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to increased workload and inability to meet demands

118
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

119
Q

what is special about pulmonary vessels in how they contract

A

if high O2 content: dilate to absorb

if low O2 content: constrict to not bother

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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