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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 21 [ EXAM #3] > Flashcards

Chapter 21 [ EXAM #3] Flashcards

(119 cards)

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1
Q

what blood vessel carries blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries (2)

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2
Q

what blood vessel carries blood from the placenta to fetus

A

umbilical vein (1)

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3
Q

what blood vessel contains an increased amount of O2 and nutrients in placental blood supply

A

unbilical vein

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4
Q

identify two structures present in the fetus but not the infant that allows blood to flow through pulmonary circuit

where are they located

A

foramen ovale = right → left atrium

ductus arteriorsus = pulmonary trunk → aorta

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5
Q

why is blood routed away from pulmonary circuit in fetus

A

fetal lungs are collapsed and filled with fluid

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6
Q

Once a baby takes their first breath, what happens to the foramen ovale and ductus arteriorsus

A

foramen ovale seals off by 1 week

ductus arteriosus seals off by 3 months

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7
Q

what does the fossa ovale and and ductus arteriorsus become in the adult heart

A

fossa ovale → fossa ovalis

ductus arteriorsus → ligamentum arteriorsum

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8
Q

what is the heart defect that results when the ductus arteriosus fails to close

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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9
Q

location and function of foramen ovale

A

blood flow from right to left atrium

bypasses pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

location and function of ductus arteriosus

A

from pulmonary trunk to aorta

bypasses pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

what is the heart defect that results when blood recirculates through pulmonary circuit

A

patent foramen ovale

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12
Q

meaning of patent

A

hole remains open

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13
Q

what are the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot

A

too narrow pulmonary trunk

right ventricle hypertrophy

ventricular septum defect

aorta opens from both ventricles

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14
Q

what is the result of ventricular septal defect

A

blood mix between the two ventricles

heart and lungs work harder

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15
Q

function of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart to organs

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16
Q

function of arterioles

A

small arterial branches, regulate blood flow

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17
Q

function of capillaries

A

tiny vessels off of arterioles in tissues

exchangers between blood and interstitial fluid

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18
Q

function of venules

A

small veins formed after capillaries reunite

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19
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood from tissues back to heart

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20
Q

what are the three layers of blood vessel wall

A

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica externa

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21
Q

what’s the thickest layer in blood vessel wall

A

tunica media in arteries

tunica externa in veins

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22
Q

describe tunica intima

A

most inner layer of blood vessel wall

smooth endothelium

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23
Q

describe tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessel wall

thick in arteries and thin in veins

sympathetic NS controls vaso-constriction/dilation

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24
Q

tunica externa

A

most external wall of blood vessel

collagen and elastic fibers protect reinforce and anchor

thickest in veins

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25
purpose of elasticity in arteries
stretch to accommodate blood recoil to propel blood
26
purpose of contractility in arteries
critical in vascular spasm when vessel is damaged
27
3 types of arteries from heart to tissue
elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles
28
what are pressure reservoirs and their function
abundant elastic fibers in tunics prevent large changes in pressure and maintain stable blood flow
29
muscular arteries are also called...
distributing arteries
30
distributing arteries are also called...
muscular arteries
31
function of muscular arteries
distribute blood to body organs/regions MOST ABUNDANT
32
what is arteriosclerosis
thickening/toughening of arterial walls
33
what is atherosclerosis
lipid/cholesterol plaques deposit on vessel wall narrowing lumen
34
what is angioplasty
flatten plaque with balloon catheter
35
what is aneurysm
arterial walls thins and balloons out, may rupture
36
what is vasomotor tone
small muscle partially constricted regulated by brainstem vasomotor center
37
what is vasoconstriction/dilation site
blood pressure regulation dimeter affected by sympathetic, endocrine chemical influences
38
what are the two subdivisions of cardiovascular center
cardiac center vasomotor center
39
what are three types of capillaries
continuous fenestrated sinusoidal
40
what are three types of arteries
elastic muscular arteriole
41
where are elastic arteries
large arteries near heart
42
function of elastic arteries
conduct blood to muscular arteries
43
what is the most common capillary
continuous capillaries are most common
44
where can you find continuous capillaries
skin and muscles
45
continuous capillaries openings are called...
intercellular clefts
46
what is trapped in and what can get out of continuous capillaries
trapped in: large proteins, cells get out: water and small solutes
47
where can you find fenestrated capillaries
small intestines and endocrine glands
48
fenestrated capillary openings are called...
fenestrations
49
what are fenestrations
small pores in endothelial plasma membranes within capillaries
50
describe exchange in fenestrated capillaries
rapid exchange possible, absorption and secretion
51
describe exchange in sinusoidal capillaries what can get in and out
very leaky with large fenestrations blood cells plasma proteins
52
where can you find sinusoidal capillaries
liver spleen bone marrow
53
what is microcirculation
flow of blood in capillaries between arterioles and venules
54
what is metarteriole
feeds blood into capillary bed
55
what is vascular shunt in capillary beds
direct connection between arteriole and venule | metarteriole and thoroughfare channel
56
what are true capillaries
exchange vessels
57
what are precapillary sphincters
smooth muscle regulates blood flow into true capillaries contract to close, relax to open
58
what is perfusion
specific amount of blood entering capillaries/time
59
what does a local decrease in oxygen result in
relaxation of smooth muscle and increased bloodflow (exercise)
60
what NS regulates capillary beds
sympathetic NS ONLY
61
[veins] what are blood reservoirs
veins and venules hold 60+% of total blood
62
[veins] what are capacitance vessels
stretch easily to hold blood
63
[veins] venoconstriction is a response to...
hemorrhaging
64
[veins] venous reserve
redirection of venous reserve to vital organs
65
[veins] are veins a high or low pressure blood vessel
veins are a low pressure blood vessel
66
[veins] function of valves in veins
valves in veins prevent backflow of blood
67
what is arterial anastomoses
interconnected arteries, blocked arteries don't interrupt blood flow
68
what is venous anastomoses
interconnected veins, blocked veins don't interrupt blood flow
69
what is blood flow
volume of blood that flows through vessel/organ in period of time (ml/min)
70
what is autoregulation
local decrease in O2 = relaxation of smooth muscle → increase blood flow
71
what is blood pressure
force of blood on blood vessel wall
72
does an increased pressure gradient increase or decrease blood flow
increased pressure gradient increased blood flow
73
what is resistance
opposition to blood flow
74
what's the formula for blood flow, pressure, and resistance
F = change in P / R
75
what is peripheral resistance
resistance in peripheral blood vessels
76
what influences peripheral resistance
blood viscosity increases peripheral resistance blood vessel length increases peripheral resistance
77
what has the biggest significance to blood flow
vessel diameter
78
what has the biggest significance to resistance
vessel diameter
79
as resistance increases, the demand for blood pressure increases/decreases
as resistance increases, the demand for blood pressure increases
80
what is arterial blood pressure
ratio of systolic : diastolic pressure
81
what is average arterial blood pressure
120 / 80 systolic / diastolic
82
what is hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
83
what is pulse pressure
additional pressure placed on arteries when heart is going from resting to contracting
84
what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average blood pressure in arteries (93mHg)
85
what is transcytosis
one side to other side of cell pinocytosis → exocytosis
86
what is hydrostatic pressure
blood pushing against vessel wall
87
what does CHP stand for
capillary hydrostatic pressure
88
what does CHP promote
CHP promotes filtration: forcing fluid out of blood into interstitial tissue
89
what is colloid osmotic pressure
opposes filtration and favors reabsorption (water pulled into blood)
90
what is blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
BCOP draws water back into blood via osmosis
91
hydrostatic pressure ______ and osmotic pressure ______
hydrostatic pressure pushes and osmotic pressure sucks
92
what is a colloid
large solute that's trapped
93
what is the formula for net filtration pressure
CHP - BCOP = net filtration pressure
94
If HP > OP → ______ ( _ ) | If OP > HP → ______ ( _ )
If HP > OP → filtration ( + ) | If OP > HP → reabsorption ( - )
95
what is hemorrhage
excessive blood loss
96
what is the respiratory pump in venous blood pressure
inhale squeezes veins exhale sends blood to heart
97
what is neural regulation
regulation of blood pressure by sympathetic and parasympathetic
98
what is endocrine regulation
regulation of blood pressure by hormones
99
when are neural and end endocrine regulation activated
when autoregulation is not sufficient
100
what are some vasodilators
low O2 or high CO2 low pH NO high temperature
101
pre-capillary sphincters contract in response to
vasoconstrictors, reducing bloodflow
102
where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers
medulla oblongata
103
the cardiac centers affect...
HEART: sympathetic cardioaccelatory center parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
104
the vasomotor center affects
[SYMPATHETIC ONLY] BLOOD VESSELS: vasoconstriction vasodilation
105
what is vasomotor tone
arterioles partially constricted
106
cardiovascular center is modified by what
baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes
107
what are baroreceptors
monitor blood pressure by stretch in BV or heart wall
108
how can a physician use their knowledge to decrease the heart rate of a patient with tachycardia
doctor can do internal carotid massage baroreceptors become stimulated, know are stretched, help drop heart rate
109
what are chemoreceptors
respond to chemical changes in blood
110
what is hypoxia
low oxygen levels
111
what is acidosis
low pH levels
112
what is hypercaphia
high carbon dioxide
113
what is renin-angiotensin system activated in response to
decrease in blood pressure / volume
114
function of aldosterone
water reabsorbed decreased urination
115
function of ADH
increased thirst
116
what is hypovolemic shock
blood volume too low to meet tissues need
117
what is angina pectoris
chest pain due to increased workload and inability to meet demands
118
what is myocardial infarction
heart attack death of tissue due to lack of blood supply
119
what is special about pulmonary vessels in how they contract
if high O2 content: dilate to absorb if low O2 content: constrict to not bother

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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