Chapter 19 [ EXAM #3 ] Flashcards
three functions of blood
transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
regulation: body temp, pH, fluid balance
protection: against toxins (WBCs and antibodies) and blood loss (platelets, proteins, clotting)
what is erythropoiesis and what does it require
production of erythrocytes (RBCs)
requires amino acids, iron, vitamins
what regulates erythropoiesis and where is it from
erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys
function of erythropoietin (EPO)
↑ production and maturation of RBCs in red bone marrow
what are proerythroblasts
future RBCs
what is reticulocyte count
rate of RBCs produced
what stimulates EPO release
↓ blood oxygen levels
what is anemia
↓ oxygen carrying capacity in blood
what causes anemia
↓ number of mature RBCs
problems with iron/hemoglobin
does high altitudes increase or decrease oxygen availability
↓ availability of oxygen
what is pneumonia
lung respiratory surfaces damaged
what is blood doping
↑ number of RBCs in an endurance athlete to ↑ oxygen carrying capacity in blood
what is polycythemia
↑ number of RBCs
what is the lifespan and milage of mature RBCs
~ 120 days
~ 700 mi
do RBCs grow or divide? yes/no? why?
no; no nucleus
how are RBCs broken down
macrophages in spleen and liver
phagocytes in red bone marrow
recycled hemoglobin parts are turned into there two things…
globin proteins
iron (carried by transferrin in bloodstream to bone marrow)
(can be stored in liver)
what two things is heme converted into
biliverdin
bilirubin
[ EXAM ESSAY QUESTION [[EZ]] ]
bilirubin is released into the ______, picked up by the ______, leaves the ______ as a part of ______ into ______
some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______
some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______
bilirubin is released into the BLOOD, picked up by the LIVER, leaves the LIVER as a part of BILE into INTESTINES
some intestinal bilirubin converted into STERCOBILINS and eliminated in FECES
some intestinal bilirubin converted into UROBILIN and eliminated in URINE
WBC circulation steps [3]
1.] migrate out of bloodstream
• margination: roll along endothelium and stick
• diapedesis: squeeze between endothelial cells
- ] capable of amoeboid movement
- ] positive chemotaxis: attracted to specific chemical stimuli
another name for platelets is…
thrombocytes
another names for thrombocytes is…
platelets
what is margination
WBCs roll along endothelium and stick
what is diapedesis
WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells
function of multi-CSF
promotes megakaryocyte formation and growth
thrombopoietin is made by the…
thrombopoietin is made by the kidneys
function of thrombopoietin
↑ platelet formation
↑ megakaryocyte production
three steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm:
• smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstriction)
platelet plug formation:
• injury exposes collagen fibers that platelets adhere to
• platelets release chemicals that make other platelets sticky and stick
coagulation:
• fibrin forms the clot, trapping RBCs and platelets
what is hemostasis
blood halt, stop bleeding
what is the von Willebrand factor
bridge between platelets and fibers in hemostasis
what is the effect of aspirin in hemostasis
reduces risk of heart attack
interferes with aggregation
what is a blood clot
formed elements trapped in fibrin threads
what are clotting factors
Ca2+ and 11 different proteins in blood plasma
what is the clotting cascade
series of enzymatic reactions begins 30 secs post-injury
forms insoluble protein: fibrin
describe the extrinsic pathway
fast 15s
begins in damaged tissue outside vessel
damages cells release TF III
TF III + Ca2+ and VII form complex
activates factor X
describe intrinsic pathway
long 3-6m
begins in damaged tissue inside cell
activation of XII (platelets release) by exposure to neg. charged collagen
causes activation of XI and IX
platelets release PF-3 and Ca2+, activating VIII
activates factor X
describe the clotting cascade
activated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
active factor X
Ca2+, PF-3 forms prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)
converts prothrombin II to thrombin
thrombin converts fibrinogen I to fibrin
factor XIII cross links fibrin into net-like mesh
describe positive feedback control of clotting
↑ production of thrombin
activates platelets (reinforces aggregation)
what is hemophilia
inability to form blood clots
what is fibrinolysis
dissolves small inappropriate clots
takes about 2 days to remove clots after repair
what is plasminogen
inactive plasma put into clot during formation
what does plasminogen get converted into
plasminogen gets converted into plasmin
how does plasminogen get converted into plasmin
plasminogen gets converted into plasmin by thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator
function of plasmin
plasmin digests fibrin strands
normal clotting depends on this vitamin…
normal clotting depends on vitamin K
anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin…
anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin K
