EXAM #2 Essay Q's Flashcards
hemispheric lateralization: be able to explain what is meant by hemispheric lateralization and discuss the different functional responsibilities of each hemisphere
both hemispheres look the same but have different functions
left hemisphere (“dominant hemisphere” in most): school brain • language • math • muscles on rt. body side • decision making, reasoning
Right hemisphere: creative brain • analyzes/interprets sensory info • music art • facial recognition • emotional context of conversation • muscles on lt. body side
somatic motor pathways: describe two neurons you would typically find as part of a somatic motor pathway and identify where you would find their cell bodies
Upper motor neuron:
• Cell bodies in cerebral cortex or brainstem
Lower motor neuron:
• Cell bodies in brainstem or SC (ventral horn) nuclei
somatic motor pathways: describe two neurons you would typically find as part of a somatic motor pathway and identify where you would find their cell bodies
Upper motor neuron: Cell bodies in cerebral cortex or brainstem
Lower motor neuron: Cell bodies in brainstem or SC (ventral horn) nuclei
somatic vs. autonomic nervous system (motor division): be able to compare and contrast the somatic motor and autonomic nervous system in terms of:
CONTROL
NEURONS
LOCATION OF CELL BODIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF AXONS
NTs RELEASED
EFFECTORS
EFFECTOR RESPONSE
REFERENCE BLUE CHART
autonomic nervous system: compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
ORIGIN
LOCATION OF PRE- AND GANGLION CELL BODIES
LENGTH OF AXONS OF PRE- AND GANGLIONIC NEURONS
MYELINATION OF AXONS
BRANCHING OF PRE-GANGLIONIC AXONS
GANGLIA LOCATION
NTs RELEASED
EFFECTS OF ACTIVATION
why is one more localized and specific while the other is more widespread
REFERENCE TAN-BLUE CHART
nervous system vs endocrine system: be able to contrast the nervous and endocrine system in terms of :
COMMUNICATION METHOD
TARGET CELLS
RESPONSE TIME
RANGE OF EFFECT
EFFECT OF STIMULATION / RESPONSE OF EFFECTOR
DURATION OF RESPONSE
REFERENCE BLUE CHART
water vs lipid soluble hormone actions:
explain the different transport of water and fat soluble hormones in the circulation
explain why water and fat soluble hormones would typically affect target cells by different mechanisms. briefly describe those mechanisms
LIPID:
- lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
- activated receptor – hormone complex alters gene expression
- newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of proteins on ribosomes
- new proteins alter cell activity
WATER:
- hormone binds to receptor
- receptor activates G protein
- G protein actives adenylate cyclase
- adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinases
calcium regulation:
identify the hormones released in response to changes in blood calcium concentration
identify when and where they are released and describe how these effects will alter blood calcium concentration
calcitonin and PTH
REFERENCE YELLOW AND BLACK CHART
hormone pathways:
look at the chart
know it from top to bottom
REFERENCE YELLOW AND BLACK CHART
identify where you would find cells bodies, where decussation would take place, and where the sensation would arrive if it reached your conscious awareness in the spinothalamic pathway
[ nerve impulses for poorly localized “crude” touch, pain, temp, pressure ]
1st order neurons in DRG
connect receptor to 2nd order neurons
2nd order cell bodies in dorsal gray horn of spinal cord
axons decussate in spinal cord
3rd order neuron cell bodies in thalamus
both tracts (anterior and lateral) synapse at 3rd order neurons in thalamus
sort/filter, sent to primary somatosensory cortex
describe the lateral and anterior corticospinal pathways including where decussation occurs and the area of the body innervated
lateral corticospinal tracts:
- formed from 85% of pyramidal cell axons within pyramids that decussate in medulla
- tract descends on opposite side of spinal cord, synapses on LMNs in ventral gray horns at correct SC segment
- controls limbs and distal muscles
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anterior (ventral) corticospinal tracts:
- formed from remaining 15% of pyramidal cell axons within pyramids that decussate in target spinal segment (in SC)
- synapse on LMNs in ventral horns
- controls axial and proximal muscles
identify where you would find cells bodies, where decussation would take place, and where the sensation would arrive if it reached your conscious awareness in the posterior column-ML pathway
[Carries sensations of precisely localized “fine” touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioceptive info]
1st order neurons enter SC through DRG then ascend in posterior (dorsal) column to 2nd order neuron
2nd order neurons in medulla oblong and decussate there
3rd order neurons in thalamus nuclei
Sort/ filter arriving stimuli by:
• Nature of the stimulus
• Region of the body involved
Sends to primary somatosensory cortex
