PQ 1 Flashcards
What is not a mark?
Tattoo
What is not part of the Nationale?
History
What are the principles of Marek’s sound percussion (MC)?
Crackling sound of the hammer & plessimeter; Sound of thoracic wall or wall of any
organ; Resonant sound of gas-containing tissue or other organs
What are the characteristics of pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic & diastolic blood pressure; Determined by HR, stroke
volume & peripheral resistance
What are the indications of ECG?
- Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exam;
- Bradycardia; Tachycardia;
- Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias;
- Detection of enlarged cardiac chambers;
- Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes & systemic diseases; Aid cardiac disease diagnosis;
- Monitor anaesthesia;
- Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs
What is the dental formula in the dog?
Top: 3-1-4-2; Bottom: 3-1-4-3
What is the dental formula in the cat?
Top: 3-1-3-1; Bottom 3-1-2-1
What are the indications in the oesophagus for a GI endoscopy?
- Dysphagia;
- Regurgitation;
- Foreign body;
- Oesophageal stricture;
- Megaoesophagus;
- Oesophagitis;
- Patent ductus arteriosus;
- Hiatal hernia;
- Worms
What are the indications in the stomach for a GI endoscopy?
- Dysphagia;
- Regurgitation;
- Chronic vomiting;
- Foreign body;
- Haematemesis;
- Melena;
- Gastritis;
- Ulcers;
- Neoplasia;
- Pyloric obstruction;
- Gastric mobility disorder
What are the indications in the duodenum for a GI endoscopy?
- Chronic vomiting;
- Haematemesis;
- Melena;
- Chronic diarrhoea;
- Inflammatory bowel disease;
- Lymphangiectasia
What are the indications in the colon for a GI endoscopy?
- Tenesmus;
- Haematochezia;
- Dyschezia (constipation);
- Rectal masses;
- Faecal mucus;
- Lymphoma;
- Adenocarcinoma;
- Caecal inversion;
- Colitis
What is not an indication for a GI endoscope?
Ascites
In dogs, RSHF can lead to
- Ascites;
- Pleural fluid accumulation;
- Distended jugular;
- Dyspnoea;
- Subcutaneous fluid
What sound do you hear in case of pulmonary oedema?
Non-musical rhonchi (crepitation & crackling)
What types of stones can be seen with an ultrasound?
A) only inorganic
B) only the organic
C) struvite and oxalate
D) All
Inorganic, Organic, Struvite & oxalate (all stone types)
What is nystagmus?
Involuntary movement of the eyeball
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Sympathetic denervation of the orbit
What are the characteristics of Horner’s syndrome?
Myosis; Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid); Enophthalmos; Prolapse of the third
eyelid; Reduced sweating
What can cause Horner’s syndrome?
Polyps
How any hours must you leave after eating to avoid post-prandial lipaemia?
A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) none
12 hours
Which statement is not true?
History is part of the general impression
Which is true about ataxia?
Incordination
Muscle weakness
Vestibular malfunction
Incoordination
What is true about precordial thrill (fremitus)?
Pathological. Grade 5 murmur (very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill)
When is fremitus heard?
Dry pleurisy; Bronchitis; Fibrinous bronchitis; Stenotic cardiac valves; Valve
insufficiency
Which organs can be palpated in the cat’s abdomen?(MC)
- Both kidneys
- urinary bladder
- small intestine
- colon
- liver
- ovaries
- lymph nodes
Both kidneys; Urinary bladder; Small intestine; Colon; Liver; Ovaries (when enlarged);
Lymph nodes (when enlarged)
What is not a kidney evaluation parameter?
Creatinine kinase
Checking the bone marrow, what is not performed?
- X-ray
- CT, MRI
- Biopsy
- Scintigraphy
- cytology
- ALKP
- CBC
- US
X-ray; Scintigraphy; ALKP (to check for osteolysis); US
Indications for skin biopsy
Hereditary/congenital skin diseases; Auto-immune skin diseases; Neoplasia
Where can the heart be palpated?
Over the edge of the sternum; Left side: ICS 3-6; Right side: ICS 3-5
What is true about the kidney?
Acute nephritis → Enlarged & painful; Chronic nephritis → Smaller
What ancillary methods can be used to test muscles?
EMG; Biopsy; CK; LDH (lactate dehydrogenase); AST; ALT; US; MRI; Urinalysis
Name some anticoagulants?
Heparin; EDTA; Citrate
Which are “connected” skin lesions?
Vessicle and bulla
What can be heard in the upper region in the case of hydrothorax?
Splashing sound; Louder sound; Forced loud breathing; Increased dullness
(percussion); Bronchial sounds above and zero sounds below the fluid
How to examine the spleen?
Palpation; Percussion. Lab. D: CBC; US; Radiography; FNA → cytology; Biopsy
What is a vesicle?
Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid, often viral/auto-immune origin; Skin lesion <
1 cm & filled with clear fluid
What is not true?
Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration
. Signs of UMN disease
Hyperactive reflexes; Increased tone (Ø Atrophy or fasciculations)
What is the most important way to examine urinary tract?
Ultrasound; Radiology; Urinalysis; Culture; Imaging; Uroscopy
What are the proprioception tests?
Complex responses involving spinal reflexes and central coordination for normal
movement & posture –
Wheelbarrow test;
Hopping test;
Hemihopping;
Correction test
(knuckling-over test);
Crossing over;
Tactile & optical placing reactions;
Reflex stepping.
What do you test with BMBT?
Buccal mucosal bleeding time; Tests for thrombocytopathy, thrombocytopenia &
vasopathies (should be between 3-5 minutes to be normal)
Give the percussion sound standpoints?
Volume/loudness; Pitch/frequency; Tone/resonance; Duration; Special sounds
Expired air standpoints?
Odour; Strength; Temperature; Symmetry
What clinical signs are seen in the case of pericardial effusion?
Elevation of the caudo-ventral border: Increased cardiac dullness (enlargement)
What noises can be heard upon pericardial effusion?
Increased cardiac dullness; Crepitation/crackling
Why do we use the Valsalva probe?
Used to diagnose heart abnormalities along with echocardiograms; Valsalva
maneuverer/compression test – Breathing stopped → Pleuropericardial / pleuropleural
rubbing disappears; Breathing stopped at the end of inspiration (increased thoracic
pressure) → Pericardial rubbing increases
Bone clinical exam
Physical exam: General inspection & palpation (pain; consistency; crepitation;
movement; temperature) percussion
Symptoms of a general seizure
Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus & brainstem → All muscles affected; General
symptoms → Excitation or loss of consciousness
Thorax: Normal percussion sound
Sharp; High or low; Sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound
. Examination of the adrenal glands
CBC (stress leukogram); Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA:K ratio); ACTH-stim.; Low
dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test; US; CT
Locomotor system examination?
History; Physical exam; General impression; Inspection, palpation & percussion of the
given organ; Compare symmetrical parts of the body
What is part of the “general impression”
Body size; Body shape & development state; Nutritional condition; General condition &
grooming; Consciousness & behaviour; Posture; Locomotion; Obvious abnormalities
What is not part of the “general impression”
Basic clinical values; Status praesens; Pulse
What is true about endoscopy?
a) Cheap
B) lateral recumbency needed
C)can be done in awake patients
D) cannot take samples
Can be done in awake patients (sedation)
What is M-mode echocardiography?
Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography.
Used for measurement of the left ventricle
What to check when suspecting locomotion problems?
History;
Physical exam;
General impression → Observation standing, moving &
recumbent;
Inspection, palpation & percussion of a given organ;
Compare symmetrical
parts of the body;
Further examination
What is a grade 1/6 cardiac murmur?
Very soft murmur; Heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room
What is a grade 2/6 cardiac murmur?
Soft murmur; Easily heard upon auscultation
What is a grade 3/6 cardiac murmur?
Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility
What is a grade 4/6 cardiac murmur?
Loud murmur; Very good audibility but without precordial thrill
What is a grade 5/6 cardiac murmur?
Very loud murmur with precordial thrill
What is a grade 6/6 cardiac murmur?
Loudest murmur; Even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall
What is the procedure of the nervous system exam?
Ask (history) → Watch(general aspects) → Touch (physical exam) → Pain (examine pain perception)
What are the US types?
M-mode (where there is a cross section of a chamber and it forms a trace);
B-mode(standard US view);
Doppler (flow patterns)
Examination of the prostate gland
Palpation → Abdominal & RDP;
Visualisation → X-ray & US;
Urinalysis;
Examination of prostatic fluid → Prostatic massage;
Semen examination;
Cytology; Biopsy
Description of the lymph nodes?
Shape; Size; Consistency; Structure; Pain; Movability; Temperature compared to the
other; Surface; Intactness of covered skin
What is the consequence if the transducer frequency is higher?
Higher resolution; Less penetration depth
Where is the Diernhofer triangle
Cardiac region; Normally filled with air; Normally produces a resonant sound,
however this sound may become dulled by presence of pleural effusion.
Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis
Injury; Wound; Prostate problem
How is the epidermal collarette formed?
Remainder of the covering of a ruptured vesicle or pustule; Also seen in epidermal necrosis;
Can be caused by bacteria or dermatophytes
What is a pathological behaviour?
Auto-mutilation
What indicated consciousness?
Ability to learn;
Eating;
Walking;
Ability to remember;
Being aware of the surroundings;
Ability to recognise the environment
Puncta maxima of the dog on the left side?
Heart apex: ICS 3-6; Murmur: 3(Pulmonary artery); 4 (Aorta); 5 (Mitral valve)
. Puncta maxima of the dogs on the right side?
Heart apex: ICS 3-5; Murmur: ICS 4 (tricuspid valve
What causes an enlarged P-wave?
Atrial enlargement
2 different labs have measured creatinine but got different results; What is the reason?
One used a spectrophotometer; One used specific enzymes; Incorrect measurement;
Wrong equipment
What is an incorrect way of sampling the spinal cord?
Blood sample;
Biopsy;
US of abdominal cavity
What a correct way of sampling the spinal cord?
FNA
Describe the Panniculus reflex?
Pinch the skin over the vertebrae from the iliac wing up until the level of the scapulae;
Lack of a reflex may indicate absence of deep pain perception; Normal response would
produce bilateral contraction of the m. cutaneous trunci
Which nerves are responsible for the Panniculus reflex?
Afferent: Spinal segments, centre: C7 - Th1; Efferent: M. cutaneous trunci
Which nerves are responsible for the perineal reflex?
Afferent: N. pudendalis; Efferent: N. pudendalis (anal sphincter) & N. rectalis caudalis
(tail flexion); Centre: S1 – S3
In which species is the percussion of the hemithorax absolute?
Dog
In which species can you feel the heart on the right side?
Cat, dog rabbit
Tests for muscle function?
Examine the relaxed animal; Standing & lateral recumbency
Symptoms of vestibular ataxia?
Head tilt; Nystagmus; Animal leans and falls to the affected side
What is the most important part of urinary diagnostics?
Lab. D of urine & blood
What can the mucosa look like if there is cardiac failure
Cyanotic; Livid (dark blue-grey); Pale/whitish
What can be examined on the teeth? (MC)
- Stones(cremor dentis)
- Position
- Surface
- Closure
- Number
- Tartar
- Movability
- Percussion sound
Stones (cremor dentis); Surface; Closure; Number; Tartar; Movability; Percussion
sound
What do you examine with the “swinging light test”?
A) N. opticus + n. facialis
B) N. opticus + n.facialis
C) N.opticus + n.abducens
D) N. opticus+ n.oculomotor
N. opticus + N. oculomotor
Description of synovial fluid
Clear; Light-straw in colour; Sticky; Viscous; Strand-forming
Normal motion of a joint
Easily movable; Passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt
What causes iron-deficiency anaemia?
Chronic blood loss; Blood sucking parasites; Chronic GI bleeding (ulcer, tumour);
Chronic cystitis
What to check on the nasal plane?
- Moistness
- temperature
- colour
- surface
- symmetry
- smell
Moistness; Colour; Surface
How to check the pancreas?
Check amylase & lipase biochemical parameters
Signs of a damaged trigeminal nerve?
Sagging lower jaw;
Trismus (lockjaw);
Motor tic (repeated contractions of chewing
muscles)
What can be seen on inspection of the thorax?
- Respiratory rate
- temperature
- chest size
- deformities
- pain
Respiratory rate;
Chest size;
Deformities
Arterial palpation
Rhythm;
Symmetric;
Rate;
Quality (size; strength; duration of pulse wave; fullness of
artery)
What are the signs of kidney failure?
Chronic: Smaller size
What is a rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch?
Tremor
