PPQ1 Flashcards
what is not a mark?
tattoo
what is not part of the nationale
history
what are the principles of mareks sound percussion (MC)
Crackling sound of the hammer & plessimeter; Sound of thoracic wall or wall of any
organ; Resonant sound of gas-containing tissue or other organs
what are the characteristics of pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic & diastolic blood pressure; Determined by HR, stroke
volume & peripheral resistance
what are the indications of an ECG?
Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exam; Bradycardia; Tachycardia;
Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias; Detection of enlarged cardiac chambers; Show
cardiac disturbances of electrolytes & systemic diseases; Aid cardiac disease diagnosis;
Monitor anaesthesia; Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs
what is the dental formula of a dog
Top: 3-1-4-2; Bottom: 3-1-4-3
what is the dental formula of a cat
Top: 3-1-3-1; Bottom 3-1-2-1
what are the indications in the oesophagus for a GI endoscopy
Dysphagia; Regurgitation; Foreign body; Oesophageal stricture; Megaoesophagus;
Oesophagitis; Patent ductus arteriosus; Hiatal hernia; Worms
what are the indication in the stomach for a GI endoscopy
Dysphagia; Regurgitation; Chronic vomiting; Foreign body; Haematemesis; Melena;
Gastritis; Ulcers; Neoplasia; Pyloric obstruction; Gastric mobility disorder
what are the indications in the duodenum for GI endoscopy
Chronic vomiting; Haematemesis; Melena; Chronic diarrhoea; Inflammatory bowel
disease; Lymphangiectasia
what are indications in the colon for GI endscopy
Tenesmus; Haematochezia; Dyschezia (constipation); Rectal masses; Faecal mucus;
Lymphoma; Adenocarcinoma; Caecal inversion; Colitis
not an indication for a GI endoscope
Ascites
in dogs RSHF can lead to
Ascites; Pleural fluid accumulation; Distended jugular; Dyspnoea; Subcutaneous fluid
what sound do you hear in case of pulmonary oedema
Non-musical rhonchi (Crepitation and crackling)
what type of stones can be seen with US
inorganic, organic, struvite and oxalate (all stone types)
what is nystagmus
involuntary movement of the eyeball
what is horner’s syndrome
sympathetic denervation of orbit
what are characteristics of horners syndrome
Myosis; Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid); Enophthalmos; Prolapse of the third
eyelid; Reduced sweating
what can cause horners syndrom
polyps
how many hours must you leave after eating to avoid post prandial lipaemia
12 hours
which statement is not true
history is part of general impression
which is true about ataxia
incoordination; muscle weakness;; vestibular malfunction
what is true about precordial thrill (fremitus)
pathological. grade 5 murmur (very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill)
when is fremitus heard
Dry pleurisy; Bronchitis; Fibrinous bronchitis; Stenotic cardiac valves; Valve
insufficiency
which organs can be palpated in cats abdomen
Both kidneys; Urinary bladder; Small intestine; Colon; Liver; Ovaries (when enlarged); Lymph nodes (when enlarged)
what is not a kidney evaluation parameter
creatinine kinase
checking the bone marrow, what is not performed
x-ray; scintigraphy; ALKP (to check for osteolysis) ; US
checking bone marrow, what is performed
CT; MRI; cytology; haematology; FNA; biopsy of ln; CBC; bone marrow core biopsy
indications for skin biopsy
hereditary/congenital skin diseases; auto-immune skin diseases; neoplasia
where can heart be palpated ?
over edge of the sternum; left side: ICS3-6; right side : ICS 3-5
what is true about the kidney
acute nephritis: enlarged and painful
chronic nephritis: smaller
what ancillary methods can be used to test muscles
EMG; biopsy; CK; LDH; AST; ALT; US; MRI. urinalysis
name some anticoagulants
heparin; EDTA; citrate
which are ‘connected’ skin lesions
vesicle and bulla
what can be heard in upper region in the case of hydrothorax
Splashing sound; Louder sound; Forced loud breathing; Increased dullness
(percussion); Bronchial sounds above and zero sounds below the fluid
how to examine the spleen
Palpation; Percussion. Lab. D: CBC; US; Radiography; FNA → cytology; Biopsy
what is a vesicle
Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid, often viral/auto-immune origin; Skin lesion <
1 cm & filled with clear fluid
what is not true
Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration
signs of UMN disease
Hyperactive reflexes; Increased tone (Ø Atrophy or fasciculations)
what is the most important way to examine the urinary tract
Ultrasound; Radiology; Urinalysis; Culture; Imaging; Uroscopy
proprioception tests
Complex responses involving spinal reflexes and central coordination for normal
movement & posture – Wheelbarrow test; Hopping test; Hemihopping; Correction test
(knuckling-over test); Crossing over; Tactile & optical placing reactions; Reflex
stepping.
what do you test with BMBT
Buccal mucosal bleeding time; Tests for thrombocytopathy, thrombocytopenia &
vasopathies (should be between 3-5 minutes to be normal)
give normal percussion sound standpoints
Volume/loudness; Pitch/frequency; Tone/resonance; Duration; Special sounds
expired air standpoints
Odour; Strength; Temperature; Symmetry
clinical signs are seen in the case of pericardial effusion
Elevation of the caudo-ventral border: Increased cardiac dullness (enlargement)
what noises can be heard upon pericardial effusion
increased cardiac dullness; crepitation/crackling
why do we use the valsalva probe
Used to diagnose heart abnormalities along with echocardiograms; Valsalva
maneuverer/compression test – Breathing stopped → Pleuropericardial / pleuropleural
rubbing disappears; Breathing stopped at the end of inspiration (increased thoracic
pressure) → Pericardial rubbing increases
bone clinical exam
Physical exam: General inspection & palpation (pain; consistency; crepitation;
movement; temperature) percussion
symptoms of general seizure
Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus & brainstem → All muscles affected; General
symptoms → Excitation or loss of consciousness
thorax; normal percussion sound
Sharp; High or low; Sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound
examination of adrenal glands
CBC (stress leukogram); Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA:K ratio); ACTH-stim.; Low
dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test; US; CT
locomotor system examination
History; Physical exam; General impression; Inspection, palpation & percussion of the
given organ; Compare symmetrical parts of the body
what is part of the ‘general impression’
Body size; Body shape & development state; Nutritional condition; General condition &
grooming; Consciousness & behaviour; Posture; Locomotion; Obvious abnormalities
what is not part of general impression
Basic clinical values; Status praesens; Pulse
what is true about endoscopy
can be done in awake patients (sedation)
what is M- mode echocardiography
unidirectional M mode echocardiography. used for measurement of left ventricle
what to check when suspecting locomotion problems
History; Physical exam; General impression → Observation standing, moving &
recumbent; Inspection, palpation & percussion of a given organ; Compare symmetrical
parts of the body; Further examination
what is a grade 1/6 cardiac murmer
very soft murmur; heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room
what is a grade 2/6 cardiac murmur
soft murmur; easily heard with auscultation
what is a grade 3/6 cardiac murmur
moderate intensity murmur with good audibility
what is a grade 4/6 cardiac murmur
loud murmur; very good audibility but without precordial thrill
what is a grade 5/6 murmur
very loud murmur with precordial thrill
what is a grade 6/6 cardiac murmur
loudest murmur; even audible with stethoscope lifted from chest wall
what is the procedure of the nervous system exam
Ask (history) → Watch(general aspects) → Touch (physical exam) → Pain (examine
pain perception)
what are the US type
M-mode (where there is a cross section of a chamber and it forms a trace); B-mode
(standard US view); Doppler (flow patterns)
examination of the prostate gland
Palpation → Abdominal & RDP; Visualisation → X-ray & US; Urinalysis;
Examination of prostatic fluid → Prostatic massage; Semen examination; Cytology;
Biopsy
description of lymph nodes
Shape; Size; Consistency; Structure; Pain; Movability; Temperature compared to the
other; Surface; Intactness of covered skin
what is the consequence if the transducer frequency is higher
higher resolution; less penetration depth
where is the diernhoffer triangle
Cardiac region; Normally filled with air; Normally produces a resonant sound,
however this sound may become dulled by presence of pleural effusion.
reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis
injury; wound; prostate problem
how is the epidermal collarette formed
Remainder of the covering of a ruptured vesicle or pustule; Also seen in epidermal
necrosis; Can be caused by bacteria or dermatophytes
pathological behaviour
auto-mutilation
what indicated consciousness
Ability to learn; Eating; Walking; Ability to remember; Being aware of the
surroundings; Ability to recognise the environment
puncta maxima of the dogs on the right side
Heart apex: ICS 3-5; Murmur: ICS 4 (tricuspid valve)
what causes an enlarged P wave
atrial enlargement
2 different labs have measured creatinine but got different results; what is the reason
One used a spectrophotometer; One used specific enzymes; Incorrect measurement;
Wrong equipment
what is an incorrect way of sampling the spinal cord
blood sample; biopsy; US of abdominal cavity
what is the correct way of sampling the spinal cord
FNA
describe the panniculus reflex
Pinch the skin over the vertebrae from the iliac wing up until the level of the scapulae;
Lack of a reflex may indicate absence of deep pain perception; Normal response would
produce bilateral contraction of the m. cutaneous trunci
which nerves are responsible for the panniculus reflex
Afferent: Spinal segments, centre: C7 - Th1; Efferent: M. cutaneous trunci
which nerves are responsible for the perineal reflex
Afferent: N. pudendalis; Efferent: N. pudendalis (anal sphincter) & N. rectalis caudalis
(tail flexion); Centre: S1 – S3
in which species is the percussion of of the hemithorax absolute
dog
in which species can you feel the heart on the right side
dog; cat; rabbit
puncta maxima of the dog on the left side
Heart apex: ICS 3-6; Murmur: 3(Pulmonary artery); 4 (Aorta); 5 (Mitral valve)
tests for muscle function
examine the relaxed animal; standing and lateral recumbency
symptoms of vestibular ataxia
head tilt; nystagmus; animal leans and falls to the affected side
what is the most important part of urinary diagnostics
lab d of urine and blood
what can the mucosa look like if there is cardiac failure
cyanotic; livid (dark blue- grey); pale/whitish
what can be examined on the teeth
Stones (cremor dentis); Surface; Closure; Number; Tartar; Movability; Percussion
sound
what do you examine with the swinging light test
N. opticus + N. oculomotor
description of synovial fluid
clear; light straw in colour; sticky; viscous; strand forming
normal motion of a joint
easily movable; passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt
what causes iron deficiency anaemia
Chronic blood loss; Blood sucking parasites; Chronic GI bleeding (ulcer, tumour);
Chronic cystitis
what to check on nasal plane
moistness; colour; surface
how to check the pancreas
check amylase and lipase biochem parameters
signs of damaged trigeminal nerve
sagging lower jaw; trismus (lockjaw); motor tic (repeated contractions of chewing muscles)
what can be the inspection of the thorax
respiratory rate; chest size; deformities
arterial palpation
Rhythm; Symmetric; Rate; Quality (size; strength; duration of pulse wave; fullness of
artery)
sign of kidney failure
chronic: smaller
what is a rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch
tremor
