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A LEVEL PSYCH > PP - depression > Flashcards

PP - depression Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 main types of depression

A

unipolar and bipolar disorder

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2
Q

what is unipolar depression

A

person experiences one mood - being down

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3
Q

what is bipolar depression

A

person experiences many moods - up and down alot (unpredictable)

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4
Q

what are the requirements for a diagnosis of depression

A

display five symptoms of:
- weight change, sleeping change, lack of energy, thoughts of self-harm and suicide
everyday for at least 2 weeks

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5
Q

what are the DSM-5 categories of depression

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • persistent depressive disorder
  • disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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6
Q

what is major depressive disorder

A

server and short term depression

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7
Q

what is persistent depressive disorder

A

long-term and recurring depression

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8
Q

what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

where children/teens have ongoing irritability, anger and intense outbursts

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9
Q

what is premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

disruption to mood prior to female menstruation

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10
Q

what are the behavioural changes during depression

A
  • loss of appetite - say negative things
  • down all the time
  • self-medicating (alcohol, drugs)
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11
Q

what are the emotional changes during depression

A
  • feeling empty
  • loss in pleasure in regular activities
  • irritable
  • constant exhaustion
  • isolation
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12
Q

what the cognitive changes during depression

A
  • memory loss
  • shame and guilt
  • distorted thinking
  • difficulty concentrating
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13
Q

comparing B, E, C of phobias, depression and OCD

A
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14
Q

who are the key psychologists in the cognitive approach the depression

A

Beck and Ellis

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15
Q

what is the cognitive explanation of depression

A
  • how irrational and faulty thinking leads to depression
  • everything occurs due to internal mental processes
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16
Q

what are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

individuals who suffer from mental disorder have distorted and irrational thinking - which may cause maladaptive behaviours

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17
Q

what are the 3 parts of Beck’s cognitive triad

A

1 - negative self-schemas
2 - faulty information processes (cognitive bias)
3 - negative triad

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18
Q

1 - what are self-schemas

A

a package of ideas that we have about ourselves

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19
Q

1 - what might people believe about themselves if they have negative self-schemas

A
  • low self-worth
  • no one likes them
  • never be good enough
  • very insecure
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20
Q

1 - how did weissman and Beck investigate the thought processes of depressed people to establish their use of negative self-schemas

A
  • measured thought processes with Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS)
  • questionnaire contain yes or no boxes with a set of statements
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21
Q

1 - what were the results of the DAS questionnaire

A

depressed pts made more negative self assessments than non-depressed people

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22
Q

1 - evaluation of the DAS

A

+ had a control group so could make comparisons
- self-report (demand characteristics)
- closed questions - no elaboration

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23
Q

2 - what did Beck propose depressed people tend to selectively attend to

A
  • negative aspects of a situation and ignore positive aspects
  • you are either a success or a failure - no inbetween (black and white thinking)
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24
Q

2 - what are the 5 cognitive biases

A
  • overgeneralization
  • personalisation
  • selective abstraction
  • magnification
  • minimization
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25
Q

2 - what is overgeneralization

A

general conclusion based on a single occurrence e.g. this always happens to me, I am useless

26
Q

2 - what is personalisation

A

negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you e.g. someone didn’t say hi when they walked past so they must not like me

27
Q

2 - what is selective abstraction

A

focus on one negative aspect, overlooking aspects leading to a positive conclusion e.g. everything goes well in an interview but you focus on one bad thing

28
Q

2 - what is magnification

A

exaggerating significance of events e.g. I couldn’t do one thing so I am hopeless at everything

29
Q

2 - what is minimisation

A

underplaying positive events and outcomes e.g. it was a fluke

30
Q

3 - what is the negative triad

A

negative schemas, together with cognitive biases maintain the negative triad
- negative view of the self
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future

31
Q

3 - what does the negative triad look like

A
32
Q

what does negative self-schemas + cognitive biases + negative triad =

A

THE COGNITIVE TRIAD

33
Q

strengths of Beck’s theory

A
  • practical application through CBT
  • accounts for individual differences
  • good supporting evidence
34
Q

limitations of Beck’s theory

A
  • does not explain all the aspects of depression like biology or the environment
35
Q

what is Ellis’s belief about depression

A
  • depressives mistakenly blame external events for their unhappiness
  • irrational thinking leads to depression
36
Q

what are Ellis’ 3 beliefs

A
  • I must be thoroughly competent and successful in everything I do
  • other must treat me kindly and fairly, and if they do not they are awful who deserved to be punished
  • the world must give me happiness, or else life is unbearable
37
Q

what are Ellis’ ABC

A

A - an Action is affected by
B - an individual’s Belief which results in
C - a Consequence

38
Q

what occurs in Beliefs are subject to cognitive biases

A

they can cause irrational thinking which may produce undesirable behaviours

39
Q

what are the strengths of Ellis’ theory

A
  • practical application through therapy (irrational and negative beliefs can be challenged)
  • nurture is taken into account
40
Q

limitations of Ellis’ theory

A
  • only offers partial explanation (some depression occurs due to activating event)
  • does not explain all aspects of depression (anger)
  • beliefs that ‘seem’ irrational may not actually be irrational
41
Q

what are the 2 types of cognitive treatments

A

CBT (Beck) and REBT (Ellis)

42
Q

characteristics of CBT

A
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
  • develop by Beck
  • intended to be brief (20 sessions over 16 weeks)
  • focuses on the here and the now
43
Q

what does CBT aim to do

A

identify and alter negative beliefs and later dysfunctional behaviours that contribute to depression

44
Q

what strategies are used in CBT

A
  • behavioural action
  • homework
  • thought catching
  • cognitive restructuring
45
Q

what is behavioural action

A
  • focuses on encouraging the client to become more active
  • things that are rewarding for the client are “antidote” to depression
  • gives the client opportunity to practice challenging negative thoughts associated with pleasurable activities
  • these events should be scheduled
46
Q

what is homework in CBT

A
  • clients are asked to complete ACHIEVABLE tasks between sessions - need to be achievable or else failure would reinforce ineptness
47
Q

what is thought catching

A

the client is encouraged to identify and record their automatic negative thoughts and consider how they could be challenged

48
Q

what is cognitive restructuring

A

restructuring negative thoughts to overcome cognitive distortions and biases

49
Q

what are clients asked to complete for cognitive restructuring

A

thought log: event, thought, consequence, rational counterstatement

50
Q

evidence for effectiveness of CBT - Derubeis (2005)

A

Derubeis (2005) studied three groups: CBT, SSRIs, placebo
After 8 weeks improvements was: CBT - 43%, SSRIs - 50%, placebo - 25%

51
Q

evidence for CBT effectiveness - Kupfer (2001)

A

claims the most effective form of treatment is CBT and antidepressants

52
Q

what does REBT stand for

A

Rational emotional behavioural thinking

53
Q

what is REBT

A
  • people are not disturbed by things but rather their view of things
  • REBT involves making irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive
  • extends the ABC to ABCDEF
54
Q

what does the ABCDEF model stand for

A

Action
Belief
Consequence
Dispute
Effect
Feelings

55
Q

what is disputing

A

REBT argues that it isn’t the activating event but the beliefs - sp disputing tries to change the beliefs

56
Q

what are the 3 types of disputing

A
  • logical disputing - does thinking this make sense?
  • empirical disputing - where is the evidence for the belief?
  • pragmatic disputing - how is this belief likely to help you?
57
Q

HOW does the process of challenging irrational thoughts treat depression

A

1 - effective disputing changes in beliefs - self-defeating to rational
2 - the client moves from catastrophizing activating events to more rational interpretations
3 - this helps the client to feel better and become more self-accepting

58
Q

how are CBT and REBT similar and different

A
59
Q

strengths of CBT and REBT

A
  • CBT is effective for treating depression
  • subjective to individual experience
  • better than drugs as have no side effects
60
Q

limitations of CBT and REBT

A
  • lacks effectiveness for severe cases and people with learning disabilities
  • only works if client is motivated
  • it has high relapse rates - semipermanent

A LEVEL PSYCH (20 decks)

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