powers and borders 2 Flashcards
TNCs challenge sovereignty
TNCs can challenge sovereignty as they are business organisations that operate in more than 1 country,. They challeneg sovereignty as they can result in: disrespect towards human rights of workes, disregard the states envionrmental laws, control political decisions. They hold power over gov especially in LIDCs.
- Shell in Nigeria: biggest TNC in the country, shell produes 50% of their oil output. Oil produces 80% of Nigeria’s revenue.
- Ogoni tribe effected: contaminated farmand and water. Peaceful protests in 1990s by MOSOP(movement for survival of ogoni people) led by Ken saro wiwa. NIgerian gov stopped protests as they rely on shell, leader and 8 others were executed Oct 1995.
supranational institutions challenge sovereignty
They challenege sovereignty as they represent a level of governance beyong individual state. Membership means they surrendour some aspects of sovereignty e.g.EU, UK joined in 1973, 1993 - EC became EU, UK left 2020.
- Eu spremacy of laws means EU laws are superior to national laws, 65% of uk laws originate from EU ones, member states must implement and follow EU laws or face censure from the judges at European court. EU membership reates pooled sovereignty challenging national sovereignty.
political boundaries challenge sovereignty
Challenge territorial integrity as boundaries are based on westphalian principles: respect other states borders. However there are disputes over borders, therefore issues with territorial integrity also challenegd sovereignty.
- colonial rule ended 1947 creates seperate countries but disputes over kashmir region: both want it.Important to Pakistan: reliant on agriculture: 60% of GDP, water for growing population. India want it for dams and water.
- Tributaries from Indus river flow through indi first: use up the water so less downstream. Indus water treaty: water sharing agreement in 1960.
ethnic groups challenge sovereignty
Distrubution of ehtnic groups doesn’t always coincide with poltiical boundaries: so groups challenge sovereignty in 2 ways: internal conflicts between ethnic groups in a state. Can lead to seperatis movements where a group demands autonomy or independence.
- SOcial factorrs: Basques are ‘original europeans’, distinct features: long straight nose, long earlobes, speak a language: Euskara: oldest surviving language in eruope.
- eocnomic: Basque country is centre of spain’s iron and steel industry with GDP 30% above national average, wealth means they could be independent.
- envioronmental: Located in a peripheral location in france and spain so feel distant from governments.
- political: previously repressed under General Franco. ETA formed: seperatist momevment in 1959: terrorist attacks targetting spanish gov: 800 killed, ceasefire in 2011.
afghanistan: causes and impacts of challenge to sovereignty
causes: Afghanistan is multi-ethnic with lots of conflict beween groups. Rabbani was not democratically elected to serve as president, state apparatus affected by years of conflict. Afghans welcomed taliban when they first entered as they were tired of fighting due to soviets.
impacts on people: sharia law: hijabs mandatory, education limited, not allowed to leave house wihtout male escort, by 2001 89% of women had not been educated. Banned painting, kiteflying, music, writing, pray multiple times a day, grow beard, punishments: imprisonment, death, torture, flogging. 6 million refugees created in 2001.
impacts on place: Only UAE, Pakistnan and SA recognised taliban as new gov. Buddha of bamiyan destroyed: carved into cliffs 1500 years a go: world heritage site. AL qaeda: Osama bin laden fought with muhajadeen, taliban allowed al qaeda to run training camps: 9/11 attacks.
